Figure 2
From: Interrogating population structure and its impact on association tests
Q-Q plots of phenotype–population structure associations. In each panel a–d, each point was computed from one of the 200 replicates. Phenotypes Q1, Q2, and the disease demonstrate clear associations with the individual ethnicities and demonstrate even stronger associations with the first 10 principal components. No clear evidence of Q4–population structure (PS) association was observed.