Figure 1
From: Testing gene-environment interactions in gene-based association studies
Testing interaction between smoking and genes. The Q-Q plots show the distribution of –log10p-values from 200 replicates based on model (12) for four genes: KDR (true interaction gene), FLT1 (large marginal effect gene), and two noise genes. The dashed line is a reference line with slope 1, and the solid line region corresponds to the 95% confidence band obtained under the null hypothesis (no interaction).