Figure 1

Q-Q plots and genomic inflation factors for different methods. These were calculated for each phenotype (real diastolic blood pressure [DBP], real systolic blood pressure [SBP], simulated DBP, and simulated SBP), using either longitudinal ("long") or average ("mean") residuals. EM_BN, EMMAX using Balding-Nichols matrix; EM_IBS, EMMAX using IBS matrix; FLM_C, FaST-LMM using standard covariance matrix; FLM_R, FaST-LMM using realized relationship matrix; GA_FA, GenABEL/FASTA; GA_GRG, GenABEL/GRAMMAR-Gamma; GMA_C, Gemma using centralized covariance matrix; GMA_S, Gemma using standardized covariance matrix. The diagonal line represents the identity line in each panel.