Table 2 Health-related physical fitness profiles of study participants. Values are mean ± SD

Age (years)

41.2 ± 11.2

39.3 _0 8.2

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 4.2

24.8 ± 5.1

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.94 ± 0.32

0.76 ± 0.07

Body fat (%)

24.4 ± 6.4

31.4 ± 8.1

Handgrip strength (kg)

97.7 ± 20.5

58.1 ± 13.2

Abdominal endurance (score)

14 ± 10

8 ± 9

Sit-and-Reach test (cm)

22.4 ± 10.7

29.5 ± 9.6

Cardiorespiratory endurance (ml/kg/min)

42.6 ± 7.7

33.1 ± 6.5