Proceedings of the 5th Ibero-American Symposium on Sport and Physical Activity: Nutrition & Training (SIDANE) and 1st International Conference on Nutrition Applied to Physical Activity and Sport

identified, and our preliminary results indicate that miR-1, miR-23a, miR-499

Exercise science and sports nutrition, as applied sciences, facilitate the generation of new knowledge and its application to contribute benefits to society, such as improving aspects of health and well-being in different populations.Despite the publication and dissemination of these advancements through various means, the rapid progress of science brings with it a questionable quality of information that is circulated.Therefore, a higher degree of rigor and contextualization is necessary.The 5 th Ibero-American Symposium on Sport and Physical Activity: Nutrition & Training (SIDANE) and the I° International Conference on Nutrition Applied to Physical Activity and Sport (CINAAD) serve as an academic platform for disseminating and presenting scientific advancements in exercise science and nutrition applied to physical performance and health.The 5 th SIDANE and I° CINAAD was organized and hosted by the Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences at Universidad CES in partnership with the Research Division at Dynamical Business & Science Society -DBSS International SAS in Medellín, Colombia on 21 -23 September 2023.Post-conference workshops occurred from September 24 th to October 1 st at Universidad CES.The event involved 20 researchers from Colombia, Mexico, the USA, Italy, the Czech Republic, Costa Rica, Spain, and Argentina, creating a genuinely interdisciplinary and translational scientific gathering with approximately 300 registered participants.For three days, the event featured keynote presentations by invited speakers, oral presentations by young researchers, and highly anticipated poster sessions by students (all abstracts underwent peer review).Adding to the excitement of the event, the Scientific Committee recognized the contributions to the exercise and sports nutrition field made by Ruth Gallo, Rocío Gamez and Olga Quiroz (Pioneers in sports nutrition in Colombia by Universidad CES), Prof. Roberto Cannataro (DBSS Senior Researcher Award), MSc.Leidy T. Duque (DBSS Young Researcher Award), and presented certificates to PT. Elkin Lopera (NSCA-CPT Certification) and students from the International Master on Personal Training (DBSS Certification).We would like to express our gratitude to all DBSS members and the staff and students from Universidad CES.Additionally, we extend our thanks to all researchers and students who embraced the opportunity to take part in this event, presenting their latest data, sharing their expertise, and actively contributing to transforming it into a genuinely interdisciplinary conference.Sponsorship: Publication charges for this supplement were funded by the Research and Innovation Coordination at Universidad CES.Organizers: Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS and the Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences at Universidad CES Acknowledgements: The conference received funding from 'Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad' (ICE-TEX) and private sponsors/collaborators.

Table 1 Research Topics and Scientific Team at 5 th SIDANE and I° CINAAD
Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important biological elements that regulate and participate in the complexity of gene regulatory networks and their impact on various physiological adaptation processes [1].Considering that a change in the expression of different miRNAs has been observed after nutritional supplementation [2], the objective of this bioinformatics-assisted review (BaR) was to explore a possible network of microRNAs responsible for optimizing adaptations to physical exercise.Methods: The BaR approach was followed according to previous research [3].The search in the mirPub, PubMed/ MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases was conducted using the Boolean algorithm (miRNA or myoRNA or microRNA or miR) AND supplementation AND nutrition* AND "skeletal muscle" NOT diseases (miRNA or myoRNA or microRNA or miR*) AND (Supplement* OR nutri*) AND exercise NOT diseases.Free terms "miRNA, " "supplementation, " and "exercise" were also used.Scientific articles reporting results in healthy humans and including safe and effective nutrients such as creatine monohydrate, caffeine, beta-alanine, nitrate, and whey protein were selected.Results: The search resulted in a total of 141 references; however, after removing duplicates (n = 8), excluding by title and abstract (n = 110), and evaluating the full text (n = 20), only 11 references that met the inclusion criteria were selected.A set of 27 miRNAs was identified, and our preliminary results indicate that miR-1, miR-23a, miR-499, and miR-23b converge as potential physiological regulators of adaptation processes following the administration of nutritional supplements during exercise programs.Conclusions: This study delves for the first time into identifying a potential network of miRNAs induced by nutritional supplementation that converge as key molecules in adaptations to physical exercise.However, further research is needed, considering that experimental designs and involved populations are heterogeneous concerning diet, sex, age, nutritional supplementation, and exercise prescription.

Introduction:
Effective food portion management is essential for athletes to achieve desired body changes and enhance performance [1].A food guide delivers nutritional education to soccer players, advising them on optimal consumption timing and empowering informed dietary decisions.This study aimed to create an illustrated food portions guide tailored for professional soccer players at Colombian Category 1A.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 36 male elite soccer players from Deportivo Cali, averaging 23.9 years.GPS Catapult devices were used to estimate energy expenditure over a month of training and official matches in the competitive season.Evidencebased nutritional recommendations were considered to customize different mealtimes based on energy expenditure and playing positions [2,3].Illustrated menus were developed for each feeding time based on the nutritional information from the Colombian Food Composition Table .Results: The guide prioritizes supplying the necessary energy for optimal performance during each sports moment to avoid relative energy deficiency syndrome.Carbohydrates play a pivotal role as the primary energy substrate, resulting in significantly larger portions compared to other macronutrients.Portion modulation was influenced by mealtime and playing position considering changes in energy expenditure.Proteins are increased during recovery periods and when players experience lower energy expenditure, leading to variable and substantial food portions for each playing position.Conversely, lipids represent the smallest portions, emphasizing low-fat intake to preserve caloric load and nutrient absorption.Conclusions: Even though soccer is a team sport, personalized nutritional management proved crucial, considering diverse positions entailed varying effort levels and physical capacities.This new food guide is a valuable tool for implementing portion control in macronutrient distribution, aligning with sports goals and energy expenditure, and ensuring athlete adherence to nutritional plans.

Introduction:
The current evidence in elite athletes suggests that glycerol (GLY) may reduce the occurrence of adverse effects due to fluid loss [1,2].It is worth noting that GLY is classified in category A according to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) [3].Although effects are promising, less information is available regarding the addition of sodium (Na + ) to GLY [4]; thus, this study evaluated this combination on the hydration status of elite athletes trained at high altitude (2600 m.a.s.l.).Methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 21 Colombian elite male soccer players (24.4 [3.9] y), which were randomly allocated into Group A (control, n = 11) and Grupo B (intervention, n = 10).The glycerol solution was prepared according to AIS guidelines as 1.2 g GLY per kilogram of body mass (BM) but we added 25 mL per BM kilogram of a Na + solution (600 mg/L).After breakfast, Group B received four 600-milliliter doses, spaced 15min apart, and 60min before a soccer training match.Primary outcomes included urine specific gravity (USG), percentage of BM loss, liquid volume ingested, excreted urine volume, [Na + ] in sweat, and sweat rate at pre-and post-training.The [Na + ] in sweat was estimated using ion-selective electrode technique with a patch on the dorsal mid-forearm and the expression: whole-body sweat [Na + ] (mmol/L) = 0.57 (forearm sweat [Na + ]) + 11.05.Results: Group A showed a significant reduction on USG (P=0.004) while Group B did not (P=0.677).Group B had a lower percentage of BM loss compared to group A (1.3% versus 1.7%, P=0.043).Sweat rate, excreted urine volume, and whole-body sweat [Na + ] showed no significant changes in either group (P>0.05).The ingested liquid volume was higher in Group B players (P=0.017).Conclusions: Using GLY with added Na + maintains hydration status in soccer players without changes on USG or whole-body sweat [Na + ].It also promoted a lower percentage of BM loss, potentially reducing loss of fluids.
Introduction: Plant-Based Diets (PBD) are dietary patterns that exclude some or all animal-origin foods [1], with vegetarian and vegan diets being prevalent among endurance athletes [2][3].This scoping review aims to explore emerging scientific evidence on PBD in endurance athletes and formulate practical dietary and nutritional recommendations.Methods: We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines [4] and employed Boolean algorithms on PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.Scoping reviews consider various types of evidence (quantitative and qualitative) and are particularly useful in emerging or rapidly evolving fields, such as PBD.Finally, a bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer v1.6.19 software.Results: Initially, 1075 references were retrieved, reducing to 12 meeting inclusion criteria after eliminating duplicates (n=42), excluding by title and abstract (n=1009), and fulltext assessment (n=13).Higher academic production and impact (citations) were noted in Germany, the United States, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy.PBDs showed higher total carbohydrate intake, attributed to elevated fiber consumption, and lower intake of proteins, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol.Special attention is needed for potential deficiencies in vitamin B12, omega-3, iron, calcium, creatine, vitamin D, and zinc.Acknowledging study heterogeneity and limited research, we offer practical dietary-nutritional recommendations for endurance athletes and encourage sports dietitians and nutritionists to consider individual characteristics and perform regular nutritional assessments.Conclusions: Collective findings suggest PBDs may provide performance comparable to omnivorous diets in endurance athletes, emphasizing the need to address specific nutrient requirements.Further research is necessary to comprehend fully the long-term effects of PBDs on athletic performance associated with nutrient intake differences.Protocol registration PRISMA-ScR protocol: doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24115992.v3 Introduction: Body composition (BC) assessment allows monitoring the nutritional status and physical-academic performance of university students.High percentages of body fat (%BF) and low amounts of skeletal muscle mass (MM) are associated with several health problems.Complementary, phase angle (PhA) represents a variable associated with overall health (1,2), as it is a parameter of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) that describes cellular integrity and function.This study aimed to determine the relationship between PhA and BC-related variables estimated by BIA (total body water [TBW], intracellular water [ICW], extracellular water [ECW], %BF, and MM) in undergraduate students.Methods: A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 69 subjects calculated a priori (alpha error of 0.05 and statistical power of 0.90) at the "Laboratorio de Biociencias de la Motricidad Humana" at Autonomous University of Baja California (Tijuana, Mexico).Stature (InBody BSM170) and the BIA (InBody 770) were measured according to ACSM guidelines.Results: A total of 77 apparently healthy Physical Education majors (46M; 31F; 21.7 PhA showed a significant and moderate-to-high correlation with MM (r=0.713;p=0.001),TBW (r=0.689;p=0.001),ICW (r=0.714;p=0.001), and ECW (r=0.642;p=0.001).No significant relationship was found between PhA and %BF (r=-0.217;p=0.058).Conclusions: PhA correlates with MM as well as various components of body water.However, PhA is not associated with %BF in the studied population.Future research might study the changes on PhA under different hydration levels.

Introduction:
The ergogenic potential of mouth rinses with different types of carbohydrates ingested before or during physical exertion has been reported in both professional and recreational athletes [1][2][3][4].However, context-dependent practical conclusions (sex, type of exercise, timing, fasting) are required.This review analyzes randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted to date to provide evidence-based recommendations for sports nutritionists and practitioners looking to incorporate this nutritional strategy to enhance athletes' training adaptations.Methods: We followed the PRISMA guidelines and searched for RCTs published between 2008-2023 and available at Pubmed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Ovid, Google Scholar, and PEDro databases using the Boolean algorithm (Carbohydrates mouth rinsing OR carbohydrate mouth rinse) AND performance.Risk of bias assessment for the RCTs was conducted using the RoB2.0 tool.Results: The results on 418 participants (77.5% men, 22.5% women) in 28 clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed.The use of a 25 ml solution of mouth rinse with simple carbohydrates and a duration in the oral cavity between 5-10 seconds, consumed before and during a moderate-intensity repeated test lasting 25-60 minutes, appears to improve athletic performance.However, these results may vary due to fasting time, the type and intensity of exercise in endurance and strength/power events, and the physical condition of the subjects.Conclusions: The concentration of mouth rinse may not be a determining factor; however, the duration in the oral cavity could increase receptor stimulation.Furthermore, the effect is even greater when subjects are in a fasting state.Thus, including this strategy in low glycogen availability training could be suggested.Its association with highintensity, short-duration modalities, such as improving maximum strength and decreasing declining motor activity, is still limited.Protocol registration PRISMA protocol: doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24124638

Introduction:
Milk is a nutrient-rich food [1] with the potential to enhance athletic performance due to its carbohydrate content (lactose), isotonic-like osmolarity, and relatively low cost [2][3][4][5].This study assessed the impact of lactose-containing milk intake on the performance of highly trained cyclists at moderate altitude.Methods: A double-blind, crossover, randomized trial was conducted in eight young professional male cyclists.The initial test was done without any liquid intake (NB).Subsequent tests involved whole milk (WM), lactose-free milk (LFM), or plant-based beverage (PB).Participants received 600ml one hour pre-exercise, supplying 30g/h of carbohydrates (0.5g/min oxidation rate).Following two activations, the Functional Threshold Power protocol in a 20-min time trial (FTP 20 ) was performed, measuring gas exchange and ventilatory variables.Blood glucose and lactate were assessed, along with perceived gastrointestinal effects.Results: First activation showed a statistically significantly higher work rate with LFM compared to PB (P=0.0024) and WM (P<0.001).Relative power was higher in PB and WM compared to LFM and NB.For the second activation, all beverages resulted in lower heart rate compared to NB.In the FTP 20 , WM and PB showed higher relative power (4.36 [0.25] W and 4.30 [0.22] W, respectively), and work rate was higher after all beverages than NB.The Training Stress Score (based on normalized power, intensity factor, and cycling time) was higher with all three beverages compared to NB. WM exhibited higher exercise ventilation (156.7 [14.4]L/min) and greater relative VO 2max (60.14 [4.92]

Introduction:
This study compared two cluster-set resistance training (CL-RT) protocols controlled by velocity loss (VL) on performance in squat (SQ), bench press (BP), and conventional deadlift (DL) exercises in recreationally trained men.Methods: This single-arm crossover randomized clinical trial involved 12 resistance-trained men (1+ years of training experience), aged 18 to 35 years.Three separate sessions were conducted with a 48 to 96-hour rest.The first session included anthropometry measurements, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) measurements using a linear position transducer to establish individual load-velocity (L-V) profiles for the exercises (1,2).Finally, the order of the CL-RT20 and CL-RT40 experimental sessions was randomized (3).Both experimental sessions began with a 10-minute treadmill warm-up and identification of 80% 1-RM based on the L-V profile to set the working sets.Each session comprised three sets of as many repetitions as possible until a 10% VL, followed by a rest interval of either 20 or 40 seconds, and then continued with as many repetitions as possible until a 10% VL again.The rest between exercises was five minutes.The tempo for all sessions was 2-0-X-0 in SQ, 2-1-X-0 in BP, and 2-2-X-1 in DL.Results: For both SQ and BP, total repetitions and total volume were significantly higher in CL-RT40 compared to CL-RT20 (P=0.001);however, no significant differences were found in DL.Conclusions: VL seems to be useful in configuring the CL-RT program with heavy loads to enhance manifestations of muscle strength.Probably, due to the longer rest interval within the set, the CL-RT40 configuration yields better results in SQ and BP performance, although it does not seem superior in DL when compared to CL-RT20.1).Measurements were taken over two days, coinciding with the event's duration.The percentage of body fat (%BF) was estimated using the Yuhasz equation ( 2).Additionally, the sum of six skinfold thicknesses (ΣSS), the active substance index (IAKS), the Cormic index (CI), the proportionality index, the relative arm span, and the Heath & Carter somatotype were calculated (3).Results: Women had higher values of individual skinfolds (particularly thigh and medial calf ), and significant differences were observed on ΣSS, %BF, and IAKS when beginner and intermediate females were compared.Conversely, no significant differences were found in BMI and IAKS in male athletes from beginner and intermediate categories, although ΣSS was higher in beginners as expected.Predominance of brachioskeletal and high CI were observed in both categories.Advanced and elite CrossTrainers showed lower values of %BF and CI, although ΣSS was higher compared to both beginners and intermediates.Mesomorphy was predominant among all male categories.Conclusions: The anthropometric profiles of female and male CrossTrainers from different categories were described.These results can serve as a reference for establishing monitoring parameters and nutritional guidelines; however, more research is needed to evaluate the relationships of these indicators with physical performance.

Introduction:
Although glycerol (GLY) has been proposed as a hyperhydrating agent with the potential to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), there is still some hesitancy about its use, as it was only removed from the list of prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2018.Considering the lack of research combining GLY with other substances, this protocol describes a clinical trial aiming to evaluate the effects of GLY plus sodium (Na + ) on hydration status and physical performance in elite Colombian cyclists.Methods: This randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial will involve 20 Colombian male professional cyclists aged 18 to 30 years, belonging to the Colombian Cycling Federation in the classic race modality, with a minimum of 2 years of high-performance sports life and training for a minimum of 15 hours per week.The total study duration will be 6 weeks, during which three drinks (GLY + Na + , GLY, and water) will be administered with a one-week washout period between them.In the laboratory, a CRF test on a cycle ergometer for 120 minutes at 65% of VO 2max and an incremental resistance test will be conducted.In the field, a 44 km ride at 70% of VO 2max will be completed at temperatures of 25°C and altitudes below 400 m above sea level.Primary outcomes include excreted urine volume, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, time to exhaustion, and functional threshold power.Expected results: The alternative hypothesis addressed in the study is that the GLY + Na + drink is an effective ergogenic aid for endurance cyclists as it improves hydration status and physical performance under increased physical load without causing significant gastrointestinal symptoms, as compared to other drinks.

Introduction:
The phase angle (PhA) has been established as an indicator of nutritional status in adult and infant populations [1], as well as in different levels of physical activity [2].This study aimed to determine the relationship between PhA, estimates of body composition (BC), and handgrip strength (HGS) in both hands in a population from Palmira (Valle del Cauca), aiming to establish cutoff values for this Colombian region.Methods: After the call to participate, 107 technology degree students from Palmira (63F, 44M) signed the informed consent and participated in this cross-sectional study.Anthropometric variables were taken according to the standards of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK).For Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), a multifrequency octopolar device (SECA ® mBCA 525) was used following recommended procedures.Finally, HGS was measured to the nearest 100 g using an analogous device (Smedley III T-18A) considering the protocol of the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT).Results: HGS and most anthropometric variables, except for waist girth, visceral and total fat, exhibited a normal distribution (P>0.05).Pearson tests revealed low-to-medium correlations between PhA and body mass (r=0.23),stature (r=0.51),BMI (r=-0.11),body fat (r=-0.46),visceral fat (r=-0.27),waist girth (r=-0.07),and intracellular water (r=-0.30).However, PhA showed a positive medium-to-high correlation with right HGS (r=0.58) and left HGS (r=0.62).Additionally, high-to-very high correlations were found between PhA and lean mass (r=0.69),muscle mass (MM, r=0.74), trunk MM (r=0.75),right-leg MM (r=0.68),left-leg MM (r=0.70),rightarm MM (r=0.74), and left-arm MM (r=0.73).Regression models were generated for PhA from the other variables.Conclusions: This study provides evidence showing a strong relationship between PhA and HGS variables, total MM, and lean mass.Further research is needed to understand the relationships between PhA and cardiometabolic risk variables.

Introduction:
While the neurotrophic effect of exercise on the brain is evident, it remains unclear how different exercise activities modulate electrical activation of the cerebral cortex.In this study, we assessed the effect of physical and mental effort on beta electrical activity in the frontal lobe in young university students.Methods: Ten male university students (19.9 [1.8] years; 62.28 [5.52] kg; 171.1 [3.51] cm) participated in this non-randomized feasibility pilot study.The Emotiv Epoc ® wireless brain-interface device was used for electroencephalographic (EEG) recording, following the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology [1].The intervention protocol was randomized for each day as follows: Protocol 1, Resting EEG + Mental Effort (Wais and Stroop tests); Protocol 2, Strict Cardiovascular Effort; Protocol 3, Strict Cardiovascular Effort + Mental Effort; and Protocol 4, Coordination Effort.Resting values of heart rate, heart rate variability, brain activity, and ergospirometry were recorded as secondary outcomes for ten minutes in a seated position.Results: Statistically significant changes were observed for the different evaluated protocols.In terms of power spectrum, Protocol 2 (13.54 [6.23] uV, P<0.0001) and Protocol 3 (15.11[4.61] uV, P<0.0001) exhibited higher power compared to rest and other protocols.In the frequency spectrum (Hz), processing speed work (Stroop) at rest (18.45 [4.25] Hz, P<0.002) was higher compared to Protocols 2 and 4. Conclusions: EEG electrical activity in power spectra increases above rest levels when adding physical, coordinative, and mental effort loads.At the frequency range of 13-30 Hz, tasks involving higher concentration and cortical activation, such as processing speed (Stroop), tend to have a longer wave cycle compared to strict cardiovascular and coordination work in acute measurements.The results obtained may provide a baseline for understanding the brain's energy expenditure during different types of physical activity in future research.

Funding
This research received funding from 'Fondo de Desarrollo de la Investigación' FODEIN 2023 at Universidad Santo Tomás (Bogotá, Colombia).Also, we acknoledge the access to the call 'Joven Investigador' from FODEIN Multicampus 2022.Introduction: Fractal dimension (FD) is a mathematical concept that quantifies the complexity of a geometric shape by measuring its degree of self-similarity at different scales [1,2].Given the lack of knowledge and standardization in digital anthropometry, this study aimed to explore the potential of FD to estimate body composition through the analysis of silhouettes and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) data as a reference.Methods: We recruited 21 healthy participants (both women and men) aged 18 to 30 years.The pilot study took place at the Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Food (CESNUTRAL) at CES University in Medellin, Colombia.Digital photographs were taken at distances of 1 and 2 meters in spaces with artificial lighting and white background using the Fit Your Outfit app to ensure proper camera framing.The camera was positioned at the participants' omphalion height, and the arms were maintained between 30° and 45°.Body composition was assessed using a Lunar Prodigy ™ unit (General Electric Healthcare, USA).FD analysis was performed using the Fractal Dimension Estimator software.Results: Progress was made in standardizing photographic records in three ISAK-recommended positions: a) anthropometric position, b) anatomical position, c) lateral anthropometric position.Preliminary analyses revealed no correlations between FD values of silhouettes in anthropometric and anatomical positions at 1 and 2 meters with total fat mass or gynoid fat mass values obtained by DXA.However, a positive correlation trend was identified between FD and android fat mass.Conclusions: This preliminary data suggest that FD does not correlate with total fat mass or gynoid fat mass values in any photographic records.However, the behavior of FD regarding android fat mass requires further investigation.Data analysis will continue by modifying FD estimation parameters and comparing against other metrics derived from DXA.
Introduction: Isotonic drinks with carbohydrates and electrolytes have been reported to prevent fatigue caused by fluid and energy loss [1].However, excess glucose in these drinks could impact fluid replenishment [2].This study aimed to assess differences between two hydration plans in young soccer players, starters receiving a commercial isotonic drink and substitutes receiving regular water.Methods: A total of 30 players from the 2003 and 2004 categories of the Santos Tepic Sub15 Football Academy in the Jalisco State Football Association (Mexico) were evaluated.Anthropometric assessments were conducted following ISAK guidelines.Body mass data were collected before and after training, and sweating rate (L•h -1 ) was estimated according to Dunford (2006) [3].Two types of drinks were used for hydration control: an isotonic drink (Gatorade ® ) for starters and natural water for substitutes, provided in quantities of 250 ml every 20 minutes.Results: The robust analysis of trimmed means and winsorized standard deviations revealed no significant differences on hydration status (percentage of post-exercise body mass loss) or sweating rate when comparing starters (who consumed the commercial drink) with substitutes (who only had water).Conclusions: In the context of this study, it seems that Sub15 substitute soccer players may not need to consume commercial isotonic drinks as long as appropriate amounts of water are administered periodically during physical exertion.

Introduction:
It is essential to individually monitor the loss of fluids and electrolytes for each athlete [1].This integrative systematic review compiles and analyzes available evidence to date to describe hydration status and fluid replacement strategies in young soccer players, providing practical recommendations for sports nutritionists and dietitians.Methods: A search for randomized controlled trials, case studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2012 and 2023, analyzing fluid replacement strategies in young soccer players, was conducted.The search was performed on Pubmed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PEDro using Boolean algorithms.Risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and reviews was done using RoB 2.0, Robins, and AMSTAR 2.0 tools, respectively.Selected studies were analyzed for: i) demographic aspects of the study population; ii) training protocol; iii) sweating rate; iv) pre-post body mass; v) electrolyte loss; and vi) fluid replacement strategies.Results: Seventeen studies, with a total of 1153 participants (1013 males, 140 females), conducted mainly in USA, Brazil, Belgium, Turkey, Spain, Canada, South Africa, and UK were retrieved.Specific gravity of urine and percentage loss of body mass are common methods for assessing hydration status.
A high prevalence of low hydration [24%-90%] (>1.020USG) and low fluid intake in cool climates were identified.Finally, ad libitum strategy appears not to prevent greater dehydration in young soccer players.Conclusions: Our findings describe a high prevalence of dehydration before sports activity in young soccer players.However, we highlight the lack of studies on female youth soccer players.This work provides a set of practical recommendations for fluid replacement that may have a positive impact on the hydration status of the infant-juvenile population.
Introduction: Evaluating maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) reveals the level of physiological adaptation to physical exercise, influencing athletic performance.This study aims to profile the cardiorespiratory fitness of athletes trained at high altitude (2600 -3700 meters above sea level) using unsupervised machine learning.Methods: A cross-sectional study collected basic anthropometric and cardiorespiratory fitness-related data following Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [1].Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was conducted using the BTL Cardiopoint Ergo Pro E600 system (BTL Medical Technologies, CZ  [1], providing insights into the adaptation process and enabling the anticipation of stress-related requirements.This integrative and allostatic perspective has facilitated the identification of potential new biomarkers [2].This pilot study aimed to evaluate the relationships among various molecular, physical, and psychometric biomarkers with the goal of constructing a valid AL index for professional team sport athletes.Methods: Twelve Colombian elite male basketball players (18.3 [0.9] years; 77.2 [5.7] kg; 185 [9.0] cm) from the Antioquia team underwent an identical training program, with two microcycles dedicated to load and fatigue estimation (18 days in total).Counter-movement jump (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea levels, the Foster index (calculated as the product of the Borg-10 subjective perception of effort scale and training duration in minutes), and perceived general well-being (evaluated for sleep, stress, fatigue, delayed onset muscle soreness, and mood) were assessed at the end of each session.Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between molecular biomarkers and the quality of sleep (P<0.05).Specifically, CK exhibited a significant negative correlation with perceived sleep quality, indicating that higher CK levels corresponded to lower perceived sleep quality.Blood urea levels also displayed a significant correlation with the perception of sleep quality and delayed onset muscle soreness, while CMJ showed a significant correlation with subjective perception of effort.Finally, the Foster Index demonstrated associations with pre-training CMJ, post-training CMJ, and sleep quality.Conclusions: This study highlights significant relationships between molecular and physical biomarkers with wellbeing variables, particularly sleep quality, muscle pain, and the cumulative score.Additional validation research is warranted to develop an AL index that incorporates psychometric variables in professional team sport athletes.

Introduction:
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a crosseducation-based rehabilitation program (CE-RP) in mitigating neuromuscular changes post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury/ reconstruction [1].It also evaluated its impact on pre-and post-surgery quadriceps and hamstring cross-sectional areas and compared effects on muscle activation and strength levels with conventional rehabilitation [2][3].Methods: Seven male participants were randomly assigned to the CE-RP (n = 4) or control group (CG, n = 3) and underwent an 8-week rehabilitation program accordingly.Quadriceps and hamstrings' cross-sectional areas (CSA) were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and rate of force development (RFD) of the quadriceps during 90° knee extension were recorded with a dynamometer.Hamstrings' MVIC and RFD were assessed using the 90/20 isometric strength test.Jump height and relative strength index (RSI) were measured during the single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) test.Muscle activity was evaluated through surface electromyography (EMG).All measurements were taken pre-and post-intervention.Results: The CE-RP demonstrated increased MVIC and RFD in the quadriceps, whereas only 66.6% of the CG showed improvements.Additionally, 50% of the CE-RP increased mean and peak force in the hamstrings, compared to 66.6% and 100% in the CG, respectively.For hamstring RFD, 25% of the CE-RP increased while 66.6% of the CG did.Furthermore, 50% of the CE-RP increased jump height and RSI, compared to 100% and 33% in the CG, respectively.No significant differences were observed when comparing changes of the CE-RP versus CG.Conclusions: A CE-RP program was not superior to conventional rehabilitation program to preserve muscle mass based on MRI cross-sectional area.Although cross-education led to superior strength and muscle activation gains compared to conventional rehabilitation, no significant differences or interactions were found.More research is needed considering the limited sample study size.

Introduction:
Anthropometry-based equations may help overcome limitations associated with reference methods such as Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), particularly in terms of cost, logistics, handling, in-field applications, and data interpretation in different sports and clinical contexts [1][2][3].The aim of this study was to develop and validate an anthropometric equation to estimate the percentage of body fat (%BF) in the Colombian athlete population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the Standardized Reporting of Secondary Data Analyses (STROSA) guidelines, using DXA as the reference method.The data correspond to 132 records collected conveniently from 2019 to 2022.All measurements were taken on Colombian athletes at the Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Food -CESNUTRAL at Universidad CES (Medellín, Colombia).For the development of the new equation, a sample of 100 participants was randomly assigned to the development group.Estimation models were constructed using multiple linear regression and the subset selection method to exclude irrelevant predictors.A validation sample of the remaining 32 participants was used to validate the selected model.Concordance analyses were performed using Bland-Altman plots.Results: The model that demonstrated higher performance (R 2 = 0.80) included the variables abdominal skinfold, triceps skinfold, and Thigh 1 cm gluteal (maximum thigh) girth.The new equation is expressed as %BF = Abdominal Skinfold × 0.29 + Triceps Skinfold × 0.36 + Thigh 1 cm gluteal Girth × 0.21 -7.65.Conclusions: A new equation was developed to estimate the percentage of body fat in Colombian athletes, showing a moderate-to-high correlation and high concordance when compared to measurements obtained by DXA.
® athletes Erleny Rincón-Quintero, Stephanny Orozco-López, Alejandra Velásquez, Santiago Valencia-Rivera, Brigitt Berdugo-Alomias Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Correspondence: Brigitt Berdugo-Alomias (brigi tt.berdu go@ endep orte.edu.co) BMC Proceedings 2024, 18(Suppl 4)P2 Introduction: CrossTraining, a high-intensity exercise training, has gained popularity in recent years.This study aimed to describe the anthropometric profile and body composition of athletes based on their gender and category participating in the CrossFit ® WolfGames 2022 competition in Cali (Valle del Cauca, Colombia).Methods: A total of 100 adult CrossTrainers (62M and 38F) with at least one year of CrossFit ® experience enrolled in the WolfGames 2022 participated in this cross-sectional study.Participants were classified into different categories (beginners, intermediates, advanced, and elite).The restricted profile of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) was evaluated by certified L1 and L2 anthropometrists ( ml/kg/min) than other beverages.No significant changes were observed in blood glucose and lactate.LFM induced more gastrointestinal symptoms (38.6%) than WM (22.7%) and PB (14.8%) (with abdominal distension [58.3%] being predominant).Conclusions: Lactose-containing milk improves training variables by ~0.6-8.3% during high-intensity efforts in a graded exercise test.Notably, any beverage intake led to gastrointestinal symptoms.Further research in elite athletes is necessary, allowing more time between tests and prior gastrointestinal training.

18(Suppl 4)A5 Introduction:
The allostatic load (AL) index is derived from a set of molecular and physiological biomarkers that indicate sub-clinical or clinical deviations