Ethylene signaling via Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) modifies wood development in hybrid aspen

Background The phytohormone ethylene (ET) has the potential to regulate secondary growth of plants and wood formation in trees. Application of exogenous ethylene or its in planta precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), to wood forming tissues of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) enhances xylem growth [1]. In the same study it was demonstrated that stimulation of enhanced xylem formation (tension wood, TW) at the upper side of leaning stems is mediated by endogenous ET. The production of endogenous ET in TW forming tissues is further supported by the increase of ACC oxidase gene transcript and enzyme activity on the TW side [2]. The ET perception and signal transmission cascade in Arabidopsis has been linked to the transcriptional activation of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) [3,4]. As transcription factors, ERFs regulate the expression of various specific downstream target genes by binding to cis-elements in their promoters [5]. We hypothesize that ERFs participate in xylem development through ethylene signaling and that they are involved in ET responses during TW formation.


Background
The phytohormone ethylene (ET) has the potential to regulate secondary growth of plants and wood formation in trees. Application of exogenous ethylene or its in planta precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), to wood forming tissues of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) enhances xylem growth [1]. In the same study it was demonstrated that stimulation of enhanced xylem formation (tension wood, TW) at the upper side of leaning stems is mediated by endogenous ET. The production of endogenous ET in TW forming tissues is further supported by the increase of ACC oxidase gene transcript and enzyme activity on the TW side [2].
The ET perception and signal transmission cascade in Arabidopsis has been linked to the transcriptional activation of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) [3,4]. As transcription factors, ERFs regulate the expression of various specific downstream target genes by binding to cis-elements in their promoters [5]. We hypothesize that ERFs participate in xylem development through ethylene signaling and that they are involved in ET responses during TW formation.

Results and conclusions
We identified 169 ERF genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome versions 2.0 and 2.2 using regular expression method and pfam search for the ERF domain. These ERFs grouped into 11 distinct groups, similar to ERFs identified in Arabidopsis and rice [6]. Using qPCR we showed that a majority of the ERF transcripts were detectable in stem tissues of in vitro or greenhouse grown hybrid aspen. The responsiveness of all ERFs to short term ACC treatments (10h, in vitro plants) and to short or long term ethylene treatments (24 or 2 weeks, greenhouse grown plants), was assessed by qPCR. Most of the ERFs responded to at least one of the treatments, mostly by increased transcript accumulation. We identified ERFs that were specifically induced within the early ACC/ET-or the late ET-response. In addition, some ERFs showed prolonged induction up to 2 weeks of ET treatment. These different transcript patterns indicate that different ERFs may be involved in distinct, temporally distinguished processes during the ACC/ETinduced secondary xylem growth response.
According to their expression and capacity to be induced by ET or ACC, we selected 26 ERF candidates and investigated whether those were responsive to endogenous ET-signals in leaned stems during TW formation. We compared the induction of those 26 candidate ERFs in TW with ERF accumulation during long-term (2 weeks) ET treatment. Interestingly, a significant overlap of ERF induction in both conditions was found. From the 20 ERFs that were induced after long-term ET treatment, 16 had an increased transcript abundance during tension wood formation. This indicates that on an ERF transcript basis, tension wood formation is largely comparable to a long-term ET treatment.
Based on the transcript data, twenty ERFs were selected for overexpression in hybrid aspen cambium/ xylem under the pLMX5 promoter [1]. Successful overexpression of the selected ERFs in transgenic plants was confirmed and two to seven lines of each overexpressed Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ERF were phenotyped in a greenhouse trial. In general, ERF overexpression caused only mild alterations of overall plant stature (height and radial growth). Only overexpression of one ERF candidate led to a severe dwarf phenotype with thin stems, reduced fiber and vessel size, reduced height growth and smaller leaves. The absence of any striking phenotypes in all other plants suggests that other regulators in addition to the overexpressed ERFs may be necessary to mimic the enhanced growth response observed during ET/ACC/TW mediated stimulation of secondary xylem growth.
A Fourier-Transformed Infrared spectroscopic and Pyrolysis GC-MS based screening of five lines for each of the 20 overexpressed ERFs revealed that five ERFs led to changes in cell wall composition in xylem tissues when overexpressed. This suggests that these ERFs have the ability to modify cell wall composition in wood forming tissues and may regulate the expression of cellwall biosynthesis genes. This hypothesis is now under further investigation.