ATF4 over-expression increased IgG1 productivity in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major organelle of synthesis of protein and forms a membranous network throughout the cell. According to Shimizu and Hendershot [1], about one third of the total proteins produced are synthesized in the ER. The ER lumen possesses a unique environment for high quality control for protein folding and assembly. It contains high concentrations of molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ATP, which aid in proper maturation of proteins [2]. However, if the amount of proteins to be folded exceeds the capacity of the folding machineries, unfolded proteins will accumulate in the ER and Unfolded protein response (UPR) will start. UPR aims at regaining the homeostasis inside the ER by attenuating the protein translation, activating the folding machineries, degradation of the unfolded proteins, and finally apoptosis. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a central factor in the UPR pathways which is involved in folding and processing of secretory proteins. Our previous research showed that ATF4 over-expression is efficient for increasing the productivity of antithrombin-III [3,4]. In this study, we investigated if this approach is product-specific or not.


Introduction
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major organelle of synthesis of protein and forms a membranous network throughout the cell. According to Shimizu and Hendershot [1], about one third of the total proteins produced are synthesized in the ER. The ER lumen possesses a unique environment for high quality control for protein folding and assembly. It contains high concentrations of molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ATP, which aid in proper maturation of proteins [2]. However, if the amount of proteins to be folded exceeds the capacity of the folding machineries, unfolded proteins will accumulate in the ER and Unfolded protein response (UPR) will start. UPR aims at regaining the homeostasis inside the ER by attenuating the protein translation, activating the folding machineries, degradation of the unfolded proteins, and finally apoptosis. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a central factor in the UPR pathways which is involved in folding and processing of secretory proteins. Our previous research showed that ATF4 over-expression is efficient for increasing the productivity of antithrombin-III [3,4]. In this study, we investigated if this approach is productspecific or not.

Cell line and medium
Serum-free adapted Chinese hamster ovary DP-12-SF (CHO DP-12-SF) cell line (producing human anti-IL-8 IgG 1 ) and Dulbecco Modified MEM medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 200nM methotrexate were used in this study.

Transfection and selection
The pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+)-ATF4 vector was transfected into CHO DP-12-SF cell line using a TransIT-LT1 transfection reagent (Mirus bio Madison, WI USA). Single cell clones were obtained using the limiting dilution method. The transfected cell lines were selected using 200μg/ml hygromycin.

Chromosomal integration of ATF4
Genomic DNA was isolated after 72 h of cultivation using DNeasy blood and tissue extraction kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA, USA). The primers 5`-TAATAC-GACTCACTATAGGG-3`and 5`-TAGAAGGCA-CAGTCGAGG-3`were employed for the amplification of non-coding region of pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+)-ATF4 for detection of the integration of the designated plasmid into the CHO chromosome. PCR was performed using Ex Taq polymerase (Takara Bio, Otsu, Shiga JAPAN) with 100 ng of the genomic DNA.

Confirmation of ATF4 expression
RNA was isolated after 72 h of cultivation using RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen). cDNA equivalent to 1μg of the previously prepared RNA was prepared using omniscript RT kit (Qiagen) and PCR was performed using the same primers for chromosomal detection.

Cell and antibody concentrations
Cell concentration was determined using Coulter Vi-Cell Automated Cell Viability Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Antibody concentration was determined by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [5]. Kinetic parameters were calculated as described previously [3].
Real time PCR: The quantification of mRNA of heavy and light chains of IgG was performed by the SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR method (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using the StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System.

Results and discussion
The gene encoding ATF4 was cloned from CHO-K1 inserted into the multiple cloning site of pcDNA3.1 vector with hygromycin cassette as a selection marker. The ATF4 expression vector was then transfected into CHO DP-12-SF cell line [5], producing humanized anti IL-8 Immunoglobulin-1 (IgG 1 ). Twenty six single cell clones were then established using the limiting dilution method. To examine if pcDNA3.1/Hygro(+)-ATF4 was integrated into the CHO chromosome or not, PCR analysis were performed using the primers designed for non-coding region of the expression vector. Only 5 clones were confirmed with the insert at 1.2 Kb; CHO DP-12-ATF4-3, -9, -10, -12, and-16. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction analyses revealed that only 3 clones, CHO DP-12-ATF4-10, -12, and -16, showed positive ATF4 expression. After 144 hours of cultivation, only clones with confirmed ATF4 expression showed significant increase in specific IgG 1 production rate ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 times the parental CHO DP-12-SF cell. Clone DP-12-ATF4-16 that showed the highest increase in specific productivity with about no change in the specific growth rate was subjected to further analysis for quantification of mRNA of heavy and light chains to determine if over-expression affects the transcription of mRNA or not. The result was found in agreement with our previous research that overexpression of ATF4 did not significantly change the level of the product mRNA [4]. It suggested that ATF4 over-expression might improve the translation and the secretion without affecting the transcription.