Abstracts from the 5th International Conference for Healthcare and Medical Students (ICHAMS)

Table of contents O1: Assessing the protective effect of dexrazoxane against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in HL-1 cardiomyocytes Yvonne Sweeney, Hugh O’Neill, Garry Duffy O2: Role of KCNQ1 in epithelial barrier repair Daniel Creegan, Viviana Bustos, Brian J. Harvey O3: The suitability of non-small cell lung cancer cytology preparations for the analysis of anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements Alexander Dalphy, Anthony O’Grady, Elaine Kay O4: Penetrating keratoplasty and descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty may lead to deterioration in glaucoma management Katarzyna Samelska, Justyna Izdebska, Anna Kurowska O5: The effect of Resolvin D1 on normal and cystic fibrosis human bronchial epithelium Rena Al-Zubaidy, Magdalena Mroz, Brian Harvey O6: Validity of clinical assessment compared with plantar fascia thickness on ultrasound for plantar fasciitis: a cross-sectional study Ryan Fagan, Helen French, Vanessa Cuddy, Jennifer Ashton, Michelle Clarke P1: Undergraduate medical research in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: A descriptive study of students’ views Zaid Sayedalamin, Mukhtiar Baig, Osama Almutairi, Hassan Allam, Taher F. Halawa, Hazem M. Atta P2: Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor in children with sepsis during first 3 hours of resuscitation in intensive care unit Linda Sirone, Renars Erts, Jana Pavare P3: Patients on aspirin: Too little or too much? Louis Richter, Joseph Morris, Irene Oglesby, Eimear Dunne, Dermot Kenny P4: Beta catenin/TCF4 activation reduces KCNQ1 current in colonic monolayers Ibrahim Mohammed Mahdi Khayyat, Viviana Bustos Salgado, Brian J. Harvey P5: Size Matters. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: adherence to surveillance imaging guidelines Jonavan Tan, Daragh Moneley, Austin Leahy, Patricia Fitzgerald P6: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the west of Ireland: Procedural outcomes and peri-procedural complications Evelyn Fennelly, Grace Harkin, John Lee P7: The effect of the extracellular redox environment on polyamine-platelet interactions Erica O’Sullivan, Brian Kirby, Sarah O’Neill P8: Functionalized gold nanoparticles: preliminary data on in vitro toxicity and comparative photothermal effect Diana Gonciar, Teodora Mocan, Cristian Matea, Lucian Mocan, Cornel Iancu P9: Imaging proteasomal inhibition after seizures in the brain: A study into cellular activity in the hippocampus of epileptic transgenic mice Chloe Doran, Sarah Hoolahan, Tobias Engel P10: Investigating the ability of the Olfactory epithelial stem cells to differentiate into glial cells by assessing cell morphology and marker expression Maha Alkhattab, Tijna Alekseeva, William Lackington, Fergal O’Brien P11: Beaumont Hospital cystic fibrosis service audit and annual report Nabeehah Moollan, Chloe Doran, Noel Gerry McElvaney, Cedric Gunaratnam P12: Quick cognitive screening: the 6-item cognitive impairment test and the temporal orientation score Lorraine Scanlon, Noeleen Brady, Suzanne Timmons P13: Granular analysis of causes of peritoneal dialysis technique failure in the first six months of therapy Richard Bresler, Zita Abreu, Stefan Trohonel, Joanne Bargman P14: Job satisfaction of surgeons working in hajj pilgrimage: a multicenter study Ahmad A. Mirza, Ahmed Badrek-Amoudi, Rakan H. Aun, Hussam A. Senan, Abdulrahim A. Mirza, Mohammed S. Binsaad, Mian U. Farooq P15: Investigation of the role of Bok using wild-type, bax-, bok-, and bax/bok-double-deficient mice Saheli Nandi, Beatrice D’Orsi, Jochen Prehn P16: Is it possible to predict resistance of an organism to stress based on the level of corticosterone? Mariia Zharova, Pavel Umrukhin P17: Investigating the strength model of self-regulation (ego depletion) and medical decision making and error in medical students Wendy Evans-Uhegbu, Frank Doyle, Hope Kudryashova, Derek Dorris, Anthony Cummins P18: Does bladder drainage with intermittent catheterisation preserve kidney function in boys with posterior urethral valves? Jemma Doheny-Shanley, Mark Woodward, Wesley Hayes P19: Investigating the role of Stonin 2, a Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis adaptor protein, in altered hippocampal synaptic transmission characterized in schizophrenia Marina Yostos, David Cotter, Melanie Focking P20: Predicting complications after colon resection Samantha Stancu, Florin Iordache, Bogdan A. Popescu P21: Knowledge, attitude and practice of the methods of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer among NYSC members in Lagos state, Nigeria Muhammad-Mujtaba A. Akanmu, Alero A. Robert, Ezekiel O. Oridota P22: Incidental glucose and lipid metabolisms disorders among office workers: a cross sectional study Ahmad A. Mirza, Ali K. Alzahrani, Omar Alfarhan, Essam Nour Eldin P23: Differentiating clinically significant spinal injuries; a review of emergency department presentations Bronagh MacManus, Owen Keane, Patrick Hillery, James Lee, Hugh O’Reilly, Niamh Collins P24: Pattern of renal colic occurrence due to urinary stones during Ramadan and other months of the year at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA Ibrahim Abu saq, Abdullah Al Mufarrih, Muath Jaafari, Abdullah Al Mahayni, Amen Bawazir, Sultan Alkhateeb P25: Proteomic analysis reveals novel AIB1 co-factors that may contribute to acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer Amenah Dhannoon, Damir Vareslija, Arnold Hill, Leonie Young P26: Improving sedation practice in general ICU in Beaumont Hospital Declan Donoghue, Criona Walsh, Aileen McCabe, John Pope, Saturnino Pasco, Caroline Fallon, Don Solanki, Fiona Kiernan, Sinead Galvin, Jquan Mucvimicc, Johanna Mulvihill P27: Diagnosis and control of hypertension as indicators of the level of awareness among relatives of medical students Ahmad A. Mirza, Soha A. Elmosry P28: Evaluation of the antitumor potential from extracts of endemic plants of Brazilian caatinga against melanoma and hepatocarcinoma Lorenza Andres Ameida De Souza, Yuri de Oliveira, Diego Menezes, Alene Vanessa Santos P29: The role of Chromogranin A as a biomarker in drug resistant neuroblastoma Ahmad Zaki Asraf, Raymond Stallings, Olga Piskareva, Ross Conlon P30: Membrane sweep at term gestation in CUMH; a case-control study Siún Sweeney-Landers, Cathy Burke P31: Study of the variability of glucose levels in patients with diabetes undergoing continuous glucose monitoring Paraic Behan, Seamus Sreenan P32: Inflammatory cytokine response to decreased plasma alpha-1 antitrypsin levels in individuals with the MZ genotype Ahmed Organjee, Tatsiana Crosbie-Staunton, Emer Reeves, Noel McElvaney P33: Analysing the role of SRC-1 in breast cancer stem cell formation and activity Crystal Mieres, Leonie Young, Sara Charmsaz P34: Screening Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for virulence genes Aya Al-Jalamdeh, Mary Corcoran, Martha McElligott, Niall Stevens, Hilary Humphreys P35: Assessment of the relevance of admission clerking criteria taught to medical students at King Abdulaziz University to real hospital practice Rashid Barnawi, Abdulaziz Ghurab, Sultan Alfaer, Hassan Balubaid, Kamal Hanbazazah, Mohammed Bukhari P36: Pattern of emergency department visits during Hajj period Mohammed Alsakkaf, Ahmad Mirza, Amrallah Mohammed P37: Anti-Dengue activity of Aspergillus terreus (sulochrin); An in vitro study Anastasia Pratanata, Maria Nathania, Tsabita Annisa, Beti Dewi P38: The comorbidome in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Kuok Zhen Lee, Tomas P. Carroll, Laura Fee, Noel G. McElvaney P39: MLO-Y4 cells behave more like osteocytes in response to mechanical stimulation when cultured in 3D Rachel C. White, Robert T Brady, Fergal O’Brien

Factor 4 (TCF-4) forms a complex with its coactivator β-catenin and plays an important role in carcinogenesis of colonic epithelium [2,3]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TCF4: β-catenin KCNQ1 signaling pathway in modulating the integrity of the epithelial barrier in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines  which are representative of the intermediate and well-differentiated CRC phenotype, respectively. Methods: A wound-healing assay was used to study the repairing ability of the epithelial monolayer at time points 24 and 48 h post injury, following the inhibition or activation of the TCF4: β-catenin signaling complex. The DLD-1 cell line expressed low levels of KCNQ1 and inhibition of TCF-4 in this cell line restored some characteristics of a more differentiated CRC phenotype. DLD-1 cells were transfected with a plasmid carrying a genotype dominant negative for TCF-4 (hΔN-TCF4) to address the relationship between TCF4 inhibition, KCNQ1 expression and epithelial wound repair. To explore the role of β-catenin/TCF4 complex during wound healing repair in HT29cl19a cells, β-catenin activity was increased through the inhibition of glycogen synthase 3-β (GSK3-β) with the GSK3inhibitor GSK-3iX. Western Blotting was used to detect KCNQ1 and N-Cadherin proteins in both cell lines following pharmacological treatments or plasmid transfection. Results: The KCNQ1 expression and the rate of wound closure after injury was found to be enhanced in DLD-1 cells transfected with the hΔN-TCF4 plasmid which reduced the TCF4 transcriptional activity. Inhibition of β-catenin expression and function using GSK-3iX inhibited wound closure rate in in HT29cl.19A cells after injury which was associated with decreased KCNQ1 expression and increased Ncadherin expression. Conclusion: These results indicate that KCNQ1 expression, regulated by the β-catenin:TCF-4 signaling complex is critical for epithelial barrier repair following a wound injury. We propose that KCNQ1 may be a promising new therapeutic target in restoring epithelial barrier function in inflammation or injury.

O3:
The suitability of non-small cell lung cancer cytology preparations for the analysis of anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements Alexander Dalphy 1 , Anthony O'Grady 2 , Elaine Kay 2 Introduction: Keratoplasty is a treatment for corneal diseases such as pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and Fuchs' dystrophy. Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) has been in use for over 100 years and is applicable as a treatment for disorders found in every layer of cornea. Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) is a newer transplant technique in which only the posterior corneal tissue is replaced. PK and DSAEK may be complicated by postoperative glaucoma in healthy eyes or lead to glaucoma deterioration in eyes previously treated for glaucoma. The aim of the study was to determine whether PK or DSAEK leads to greater deterioration in the management of preexisting glaucoma. Methods: The research is a retrospective study based on documentation of the patients diagnosed with Fuchs' dystrophy or PBK who underwent DSAEK or PK in 2009-2013 and had been diagnosed with glaucoma prior to the keratoplasty. Patients observed for a time shorter than 12 months or qualified for retransplantation were excluded from the study. The patients' assessment during the 12-month observation was recorded. Glaucoma deterioration was assessed based on two factors: an increase in the number of anti-glaucoma medication types prescribed as well as any anti-glaucoma surgeries performed.
Results: Out of 22 eyes that underwent PK, there was an increase in the number of anti-glaucoma medication types prescribed in 4(18 %) cases during the first 12 months following keratoplasty. Aditionally, no anti-glaucoma surgeries were performed in any of the cases during these 12 months. Out of 10 eyes that underwent DSAEK, there were anti-glaucoma surgeries performed in 2 cases and increase in medication types prescribed in 1 case during these 12 months. Overall, a deterioration in glaucoma management was noted in 3(30 %) cases. 12 months after the surgery, there was a decrease in number of antiglaucoma medication types prescribed in 6 cases: all of them after PK. There was a higher incidence of glaucoma deterioration in DSAEK group compared to PK group. Discussion: DSAEK may present a higher risk of glaucoma deterioration than PK. It is an interesting finding, given that previous studies implicate that DSAEK (compared to PK) does not have an increased risk of glaucoma in eyes with no prior history of glaucoma. The findings above should be taken into consideration when qualifying the patients for these procedures. Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease which involves a malfunctioning epithelial chloride ion channel (CFTR) and a hyper-stimulated Na + channel (ENaC), this malfunction eventually leads to a reduction in the height of the airway surface liquid layer (ASL), ciliary dyskinesis, thickening of a viscous mucus layer overlying epithelial cells resulting in defective mucociliary clearance and chronic bacterial infection. Recent research has highlighted potential therapeutic effects of proresolution immunomodulatory molecules in the pathology of CF. This project tested the hypothesis that the new immunomodulatory molecule Resolvin D1 can restore ASL height and ion transport in CF bronchial epithelium. Methods: The effects of Resolvin D1 on ASL height and ion transport were investigated in NuLi-1 (normal genotype) and CuFi-1 (CF genotype, Δ508/Δ508) primary immortalized airway epithelial cells were grown under an air-liquid interface. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to measure the ASL height. Electrogenic transepithelial ion transport was measured using the short-circuit current (Isc) technique in cell monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers. Results: Analysis of the images from the confocal microscope showed that Resolvin D1 increased ASL height in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium (n = 3), but not in normal epithelium (n = 2). Na + and Cl-transport was measured in Ussing chambers experiments by addition of amiloride an ENaC channel blocker or bumetanide, Na + −K + −Cl-cotransporter inhibitor, respectively. We found out that Resolvin D1 have no effect Cl-secretion in either NuLi-1 (n = 4) nor CuFi-1 cells (n = 1). The absence of a Cl-secretory response in Nuli and CuFi cells may indicate that RvD1 increases ASL height through effects on ENaC rather than CFTR or to activate an alternative non-CFTR Cl-channel. As the statistics are too low to conclude if RvD1 affected ENaC in CuFi-1 cells, more experiments in CF bronchial epithelium are needed to test this hypothesis. Discussion: The results from these experiments show that Resolvin D1 increases ASL height in CF bronchial epithelial cells. Further studies are warranted to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in restoring ASL dynamics. Resolvin D1 may have potential as a new therapy to restore mucocilairy clearance in CF airway lung disease.
Introduction: Plantar fasciitis (PFS) is a degeneration of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot. Ultrasound (US) can be used as a diagnostic imaging technique for this condition, with similar diagnostic accuracy to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Common factors associated with PFS include increase Body Mass Index (BMI), reduced dorsiflexion of the ankle and pronation of the midfoot. This study aimed firstly to determine the diagnostic utility of the clinical diagnosis of PFS compared with US examination, and secondly, to determine the relationship between a range of symptom-related and physical examination items and US-diagnosed PFS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics (Medical Research) Committee Beaumont Hospital (REC 14/54). Patients referred from orthopaedic and rheumatology clinics were screened for eligibility and informed consent was obtained. Clinical criteria were based on presence of medial heel pain for a minimum of six weeks, aggravated by rising or initial weight bearing after inactivity. Study participants underwent clinical and US examination by two independent blinded assessors. PFS was determined on US by measuring plantar fascia thickness. The following characteristics were recorded: BMI, foot type (pronated, supinated, neutral) and ankle dorsiflexion range. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by estimating sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria against US measurement (gold standard). Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare differences in symptom-based and physical examination variables between those with and without PFS. Results: Fourteen participants (28 feet) were recruited. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis was 62.50 % (95 % CI: 35.43 % to 84.80 %) and 58.33 % (95 % CI: 27.67 to 84.23 %), respectively. Increased body weight was significantly associated with PFS (r = 0.44; p = 0.04). 75 % of those with US-diagnosed PFS had altered biomechanics compared to 92 % of those who had negative US. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion was present in 87.5 % of US-diagnosed PFS patients, and 83.3 % of those with a negative diagnosis of PFS. Discussion: Clinical diagnosis demonstrated only moderate diagnostic accuracy for PFS. Weight was significantly associated with PFS. Foot type and reduced dorsiflexion may have an association with foot pain, but not PFS alone: Small sample sizes may partially explain the results: Clinical assessment alone may not be sufficient in ruling in or ruling out PFS. Further clinical criteria may have to be considered to aid in identification of PFS for targeted treatment and to aid recruitment in future PFS research. Introduction: There is a lack of research-oriented physicians in several Asian countries and especially in Gulf region countries. In this context, it is important to explore medical students' perceptions and motivations towards research. The aim of the present study was to investigate research attitude, practices, and motivations among medical students from GCC countries. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out during the Ninth International Scientific Conference for Medical Students in the GCC Countries in Alain, United Arab Emirates, in December 2014. An anonymous, cross-sectional, self-report questionnaire was administered to medical students who attended the conference. Results: There were 228 students who participated in this study, among them 88(38.6 %) were males. Most of the students 38 % were participating from Saudi Arabia, 20.6 % from UAE, 17.1 % from Oman, 12.7 % from Kuwait and 11.4 % from Bahrain. Among participants, 43.0 % had experience of funded research and 53.1 % had a contribution in research, which either had a social impact or provided an industrial application. The confidence of participants about their ability to interpret and to write a research paper was quite high (70.2 %). The majority of the students (87.3 %) believed that undergraduate student can conduct research and can present in conferences, but still there were only 31.1 % who believed that they can do it without supervision. Improving research skills, attaining research publications, and improvement in patient care were claimed the top three motives behind conducting research. It was important to note that, the majority (75.0 %) were compelled to research for facilitating their acceptance to a residency program and 63.6 % due to compulsion for research methodology course. Discussion: The half of the students reported strong involvement in research activities. The reported knowledge and attitudes among the medical students considered high.

P2:
Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor in children with sepsis during first 3 hours of resuscitation in intensive care unit Linda Sirone, Renars Erts, Jana Pavare Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia Correspondence: Jana Pavare -Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia BMC Proceedings 2016, 10(Suppl 4):P2: Introduction: Sepsis is a severe and life threatening condition where fluid infusion can be lifesaving, especially for initial treatment. Only a few studies had been done performed about fluid infusion management in children, yet it's an everyday clinical challenge. Several studies have correlated positive fluid balance with higher mortality in adults. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between positive fluid balance during the first three hours of resuscitation with reduced survival in children with sepsis. Methods: In retrospective study medical records of 48 children admitted to PICU of Children's Clinical University Hospital of Latvia with sepsis during the period of 2009-2015 were examined. Fluid intake and output were measured and the balance was calculated for first 3 hours of resuscitation, it was then compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. To evaluate the results ROC curve analysis and unpaired t-test was performed. P-value <0.05 was used as statistical significance. Results: In comparison mortality rate was higher in patients who had positive fluid balance during the first three hours of resuscitation (AUC = 0.72; 95 % CI: 0.55-0.89; p = 0.03). Median age of survivors and nonsurvivors and the time spent for their stay in intensive care unit did not statistically differ (p > 0.05). Discussion: Findings suggest that a positive fluid balance during the beginning of resuscitation in children with sepsis may be a trustworthy prognostic factor of higher mortality, further research and larger studies are needed to be performed for stronger approval.
Introduction: It is not known if aspirin is effective in patients with coronary artery disease. Light transmission aggregation (LTA) is used as a measure of aspirin effect but it has limitations. To determine the physiological response of platelets in patients taking aspirin, we assessed platelet function using the novel Dynamic Platelet Function Assay (DPFA) against the current gold standard test, LTA. Methods: Blood from 307 patients taking aspirin only was perfused under arterial shear (1,500 s-1) through a custom-built flow chamber coated with human von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Platelet activity was recorded by digital-image microscopy and then processed. Results: All of the patients had an "appropriate" aspirin response as defined by LTA, that is aggregation < 20 %. In contrast there was a marked heterogeneity of results using the DPFA. The interquartile ranges (IQR) are as follows: Platelet tracks (number of platelets that move a distance greater than 1.5x their radius) IQR: 259.0-509.0, stably adhered platelets (number of platelets that have moved less than 1.5 times their average radius from their start to end position as a singlet only) IQR: 128.0-242.0, speed of platelets (weighted median velocity of translocating platelets, μM/sec) IQR: 4.32388-8.52876, arrested translocators (number of platelets that have adhered in a stationary manner for at least 100 frames to the VWF-coated surface) IQR: 52.0-83.0. Discussion: The DPFA is able to provide parameters of measurement in the physiological response of platelets. The LTA is only able to measure the biochemical response which is not an accurate reflection of platelet behaviour in vivo. Our results demonstrate for the first time a marked physiological heterogeneity in platelet response. This suggests that some patients may benefit from additional aspirin whereas others have an excessive dose. Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer with the fourth highest mortality rate worldwide. There is evidence that a relationship exists between the expression and activity of a potassium (K + ) ion channel, encoded by KCNQ1 gene, and pre-tumour cell hyperplasia and colorectal cancer development. β-catenin is a widely expressed protein involved in the transcriptional regulation of many genes. Once translocated to the nucleus, β-catenin acts as a co-factor for T-cell Factor 4 (TCF-4) leading to the activation or repression of gene transcription. The aberrant activation of this pathway has also been reported in colorectal cancer. A link between nuclear β-catenin and KCNQ1 function has not previously been reported in colorectal cancer. The goal of this study was to explore if β-catenin nuclear translocation modifies KCNQ1 potassium channel epithelial function in colorectal cancer cells. Methods: Confluent monolayers of cl.19A cells were grown on semipermeable supports until transepithelial resistance (TER) reached 1 kg*cm −2 . The inserts were mounted in Ussing chambers and basolateral membrane K + conductance was measured by permeabilizing the apical membrane. An apical-to-basolateral K + gradient was imposed. Ouabain was added basolaterally to inhibit Na + -K + -ATPase pump activity. In these conditions, changes in I sc are wholly reflective of changes in basolateral K + conductance (I K ). Significant differences were calculated by ANOVAwith a P value of <0.05 regarded as statistically significant. Nuclear β-catenin levels were enhanced by treatment with GSK-3 iX for 24 h, which activates β-catenin/TCF4 complex. Western blot analysis was used to confirm nuclear localisation of β-catenin.
Results: Forskolin-stimulated KCNQ1 currents were measured in untreated cl.19A monolayers. Treatment with GSK-3 iX decreased the forskolin-stimulated KCNQ1 currents. Activation of β-catenin/ TCF4 complex showed no significant differences on the calcium activated intermediate conductance IK1 (KCNN4) currents activated by muscarinic agonist, carbachol. Thus the decreased current observed in response to GSK-3 iX treatment is specific to KCNQ1. Conclusion: Translocation of activated β-catenin into the nucleus inhibits KCNQ1 epithelial function. This is the first functional study to associate β-catenin localisation with KCNQ1 activity in a disease state and enhances our understanding of colorectal cancer. Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common, potentially life-threatening condition. The major risk of AAA is rupture, which increases with increasing aneurysm diameter. Regular surveillance (usually abdominal ultrasound) at suitable intervals guides appropriate timing of surgical or endovascular intervention. Apparent discrepancies in imaging follow-up raised concerns regarding patient safety and clinic efficiency. A dedicated Aortic Surveillance Clinic (ASC) was proposed. AAA patients from one of the 3 Vascular Surgical OPD clinics (VSC) were referred to the ASC, here patients would be reviewed by a Vascular Physician directly following ultrasound examination. Planned return to Vascular Surgeon occurred when the AAA reached appropriate size for intervention consideration. The aim of this study is to analyse adherence rates of aortic imaging requests against guidelines, to determine if a dedicated clinic achieves greater adherence than the current Vascular Surgical OPD model. Methods: Patient appointment lists (12 clinics, March-June 2015) from two VSCs (1&2) and the ASC were retrospectively reviewed to identify AAA patients. Scheduling of aortic imaging intervals was analysed to determine adherence to surveillance guidelines for previous visits, allowing a one-month tolerance. Results: 1102 patients attended these clinics during the study period, with a diagnosis of AAA in 165 VSC and 46 ASC patients. Of these, 79 and all 46 patients, respectively, had no previous AAA intervention, and so were eligible for surveillance. These 125 patients had 621 episodes in total. Only 26 % and 29 % of patients attending VSC1 and VSC2, respectively, had imaging scheduled per guidelines, compared to almost 90 % in the ASC. Patients with larger (high-risk) aneurysms had poorer attendance rates overall, with no VSC1, and only 27 % of VSC2 patients adhering to guidelines, versus 80 % in the ASC. Nonattendance at scheduled appointments was not a significant contributor (2.7 %). Discussion: There is no apparent uniform agreement on surveillance guidelines at VSCs, with variable timing of imaging requests. Possible explanations include: lack of clearly defined parameters, failure to clearly communicate or disseminate information, and/or failure to fully appreciate clinical relevance of appropriate surveillance.

Conclusion:
A dedicated clinic appears more efficient, with significantly higher scheduling adherence rates. Implication: Clarification of AAA surveillance intervals with dissemination of information at team changeover times is required, with planned future re-audit. Continuation/ expansion of the ASC appears indicated, but requires cost-benefit analysis. Retrospective review of surveillance prior to AAA rupture would likely clarify patient safety impact. Introduction: The aim of our study was to evaluate ERCP procedural outcomes and peri-procedural complications in a tertiary centre in the West of Ireland. Methods: Patients who underwent ERCP at our institution from January 2012 to June 2015 were included. Retrospective demographic and procedural data was collected using a standardised data collection form from a combination of endoscopy and radiology reports, discharge summaries and laboratory results. 62 patient charts were evaluated for more information. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSSv21. Results: 430 ERCP's were performed on 348 patients during the study period. The mean age was 64.03 years and 50.0 % were female. The most common indication was choledocholithiasis (30.0 %). Duct cannulation was obtained in 94.87 % of procedures. 74.59 % of procedures involved interventions, including sphincterotomies (44.88 %) and biliary stent insertion (20.9 %). 74.47 % procedures were considered successful in dealing with the presenting clinical indication. The overall complication rate was 12.3 %: PEP 7.9 %, oxygen desaturation 1.6 %, self-limiting bleeds 1.6 %, minor bleeds 0.7 %, perforations 0.5.%, sepsis 0.2 %, acute kidney injury 0.2 %. There were no haemorrhages, cardiopulmonary events, contrast allergy reactions, or intra-procedural deaths. There was one peri-procedural death unrelated to the procedure. Patients who experienced PEP were younger than the cohort average (58.56 years) and mostly female (62.9 %) but neither was statistically significant. The most common indication in PEP patients was choledocholithiasis (37.1 %) but was not significant. The mean post-ERCP peak amylase value was markedly higher for the PEP patient group (1434.23 ± 987.92u/L) than the cohort average (369.6 ± 712.4u/L). Success of the procedure was significant (p 0.0009). A partially successful procedure was associated with a 5.7-fold increased risk of PEP (p 0.002), compared to a successful ERCP. An unsuccessful procedure increased the risk of PEP by 1.77-fold (p 0.377) compared to successful ERCP. Discussion: Procedural outcomes for ERCP were acceptable. Overall complication rate was 12.3 %. PEP was the most common periprocedural complication, consistent with larger multicentre studies. An unsuccessful procedure increased the risk of PEP by 1.77-fold (p 0.377) whereas a partially successful procedure was associated with a 5.7-fold increased risk of PEP (p 0.002), compared with a successful ERCP. We postulate the lower risk with unsuccessful ERCP's may be due to less manipulation and early termination of the procedure and the increased risk with partially successful ERCP's reflects difficult and complicated cases. Introduction: Platelets play an important role in homeostasis and are implicated in CVD disease, particularly in response to changes in the extracellular redox environment. Polyamines, especially Spermine, which is important in cell growth and proliferation, have the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. We examined how this effect changed in response to a change in the extracellular redox environment. To determine if spermine inhibits platelets in a reduced, mean and oxidised redox environment. Methods: Platelets were isolated from whole blood from healthy volunteers. Ethical committee approval was gained from RCSI. Redox potentials were created using serial dilutions of GSH/GSSG and Cys/ CySS. Platelet aggregometry was carried out to test thrombininduced platelet aggregation in the presence of 1 mM Spermine and how this changes in Oxidised (−10 mV;+4 mV), Mean (−130 mV;-82 mV) and Reduced (−264 mV; −148 mV) redox environments. Results were recorded at for at least 5 minutes after the addition of thrombin (0.1U/ml). Results: Aggregation reduced in the presence of Spermine (n = 13; P = 0.0057). However this % Aggregation with Spermine and thrombin increased in the presence of reduced (−264 mV) GSH/GSSG (n = 4; P < 0.5) and (−148 mV) Cys/CySS (n = 3; P > 0.5). No significant changes were noted with the oxidized (−10 mV;+4 mV) and mean (−130 mV; −82 mV) redox couples for Glutathione (n = 4; p > 0.5) and Cysteine (n = 3; p > 0.5) respectively. Discussion: Changes in the extracellular redox environment affect Polyamine-platelet interactions. Spermine's ability to inhibit platelets was reduced/overcome following a change in the Redox environment. Spermine no longer inhibited platelets in a reduced Redox environment. As the levels of polyamines may rise in cancer and the redox environment in the body may change; the effect of a redox environment on polyamines and platelets is an important consideration as this may affect homeostasis.

P8:
Functionalized gold nanoparticles: preliminary data on in vitro toxicity and comparative photothermal effect Diana Gonciar 1 , Teodora Mocan 2 , Cristian Matea 2 , Lucian Mocan 2 , Cornel Iancu 2 1 Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 2 Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Correspondence: Cornel Iancu -Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania BMC Proceedings 2016, 10(Suppl 4):P8: Introduction: Nanotechnology represents an immense potential for human medical applications. Amongst the different experiments that have been imagined, including therapy and diagnosis procedures for a wide variety of diseases, the antitumor applications represent the focus of many research teams worldwide. Photothermal effect, induced by the property of nano-sized structure to transform light energy into thermal energy when exposed to laser irradiation represents a special feature enabling thermal destruction of tumor cells. However, directing the treatment towards cancer cells while leaving the healthy cells unaffected represents the major key element in generating a safe and effective therapy. As a response to this problem, binding of selectivity molecules onto the surface of nanoparticles has been proposed for enabling their selective agglomeration on the tumor cells. Nevertheless, data on comparative toxicity of the different solutions is still scarce, and there are limited comparative photothermal effect efficiency studies with newly designed nanostructures. Methods: We aimed to compare toxicity and antitumor efficiency of three types of nanostructures: 1) pristine gold nanoparticles; 2) gold nanoparticles functionalized with epidermal growth factor; 3) gold nanoparticles functionalized with arginine. HepG2 cell line (hepatocellular carcinoma) was used for in vitro testing. Viability/proliferation was assessed by means of MTT assay. AnnexinV -cy3 staining was used for apoptosis evaluation, followed by fluorescence microscopy imaging procedures. For photothermal effect, laser irradiation was performed using a 808 nm 2 W laser. Pre and post-evaluation of viability and apoptosis were measured. For each of the nanostructures, 50microg/mL and 25microg/mL concentrations were used for exposure, as well as cell culture media alone (control group).
Results: MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent decrease in viability following 6 hours of exposure. Exposed groups had lower levels of viability/proliferation as compared to control group. However, none of the experimental groups decreased below 85 % viability and differences between any two groups remained insignificant. Laser irradiation induces significant decrease in viability as compared to non-irradiated groups. The effect was stronger for higher concentration of each nanomaterial. Amongst the three nanostructures, the highest efficiency (p < 0.05) was obtained for gold nanoparticles functionalized with arginine, followed by gold nanoparticles functionalized with epidermal growth factor. The least effective nanophotothermalysis was obtained for pristineexposed groups. Measured effects were reflected in higher annexin V agglomeration, as revealed by fluorescence microscopy analyses. Discussion: The three studied nanostructures present good potential for human applications in hepatocellular carcinoma (good biocompatibility). Gold nanoparticles functionalized with arginine represent the most effective nanostructure for photothermal effect-based treatment of liver cancer. Further studies need to be conducted for complete evaluation of cell-nanomaterial interaction.

P9:
Imaging proteasomal inhibition after seizures in the brain: A study into cellular activity in the hippocampus of epileptic transgenic Introduction: Epilepsy is the most common neurological condition affecting people of all ages, with an estimated prevalence of 1 % in the Irish population. It is defined as a tendency towards recurrent unprovoked seizures, which are the result of excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Critically, to date, anti-epileptic drugs are merely symptomatic without disease-modifying properties and no antiepileptogenic treatments have been approved for use in patients. Following a seizure, cell damage occurs which might lead to the accumulation of abnormal proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) functions as the cell's major non-lysosomal mechanism for degrading unwanted proteins in damaged cells. To date, it is not known whether seizures interfere with the correct functioning of the UPS and thereby alter intracellular protein levels, and therefore also influence the process of epileptogenesis. The following study was designed to determine the capability of a transgenic mouse model to investigate the impact of seizures on the correct functioning of the UPS. Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing ubiquitin covalently tagged to the fluorescent protein GFP (UbG767-GFP) received an intra-amygdala injection of kainic acid which induced status epilepticus (SE). These seizures were terminated 40 minutes later using a bolus dose of IV lorazepam. The mice were sacrificed at various time-points following termination of SE. Brain sections were obtained and imaged. These samples were analysed using techniques including Western Blot, Fluoro-Jade B and DAB Peroxidase staining. Results: Western blotting with c-fos showed hippocampal recruitment during status epilepticus. This was greatest in the 8 hours following SE. Fluoro-Jade B staining showed predominant ipsilateral CA1 and CA3 hippocampal damage, with sparing of the dentate gyrus and contralateral hippocampus following seizure activity. UbG767-GFP mice showed similar seizure susceptibility as wild-type mice. Discussion: UbG767-GFP mice represent a valid model to investigate UPS dysfunctions after seizures in vivo. Introduction: Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) affect millions of people worldwide. The current clinical gold standard for PNI is autologous nerve grafting. However the technique has numerous limitations including donor site morbidity, neuroma formation and lack of tissue availability. Tissue engineering has the potential to overcome these limitations as an alternative treatment for peripheral nerve injury. Methods: It is known that Schwann cells play a key role in peripheral nerve regeneration. However, harvesting of the autologous Schwann cells is invasive and requires long-term culture in the laboratory prior to implantation. One potential approach involves the delivery of stem cells designed to differentiate into Schwann cells via nerve guidance conduits. In this study the focus was to investigate whether novel stem cells, olfactory neural epithelial stem cells (ONESC) have the potential to differentiate into Schwann cells. Additionally, we investigated the effect of the extracellular matrix proteins, which can be included into the conduit design, on the differentiation process. Specifically, we assessed the ability of basal membrane proteins laminin and fibronectin to enhance cell differentiation. This was assessed using immunocytochemistry and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Results: Results demonstrate that ONESC were capable of expressing Schwann cell specific markers after 3 days of being induced to differentiate and up to 14 days in culture. We have also showed that both laminin and fibronectin have significant effect on differentiated Schwann cells adhesion. Fibronectin showed significantly higher number of adherent cells after 14 days in culture. Discussion: Collectively, these results suggest that ONESCs is a viable source of autologous Schwann cells and fibronectin should be included in the nerve conduit design for future PNI repair applications. This research is kindly sponsored by the health research board.
Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by multi-organ impairment which is most prevalent in the Irish population. Beaumont Hospital (BH) is one of the main CF centres for adults in Ireland. It is therefore necessary to analyse patient data, funding required and predict patient prognosis on a yearly basis. Methods: The data obtained from the BH CF database was analysed and compiled into graphs using Microsoft Excel®. It was also used to estimate annual funding requirements based on the UK CF Banding System. Patients were allocated into bands 1-5 based on the severity of their disease, a proposed tariff is set for each band, and the overall funding required was calculated based on the number of patients in each band. The CF-ABLE Score was also calculated for each patient using the CF-ABLE Score template, in order to predict patient prognosis and to analyse fluctuations in the patient's score over time. This was repeated for 2013. A paired t-test score was calculated using the Prism Statistical Software®. Results: The results obtained were similar to those in the 2013 audit, with an overall increase in patient FEV1% and a decrease in the number of IVAB required, resulting in a decrease in those in the more severe bands and those with more severe CF-ABLE scores. The paired t-test conducted showed a strong positive correlation of 0.85 and a p-value of 0.42. Discussion: The total annual cost to care was lower in 2014 than 2013. If applied to the Irish healthcare system, banding could be a way of determining the funding required for the BH CF Unit to maintain their patient's health at a high standard. In addition it highlights the fluctuations in resources required from one year to the next. Most patients had low CF-ABLE scores predicting a good prognosis. The correlation coefficient (0.85) showed a strong positive association between the individual patient scores from one year to the next. The p-value (0.42) showed that any difference in mean patient scores from 2013 to 2014 was not statistically significant. The introduction of the CF-ABLE score to the annual audit can be used to predict patient prognosis and appropriate referral for transplant. However as the CF-ABLE score predicts patient severity over a four year period, it is recommended that a paired t-test be repeated in future audits in order to further strengthen the results found. Introduction: The standardised Mini Mental State Examination (sMMSE) is a gold standard cognitive assessment, but takes 10-15 minutes to complete. The 6-CIT and TOS have been suggested as short, accurate cognitive screens, allowing routine screening of all older in-patients and hence earlier diagnosis and treatment of dementia/cognitive impairment. This study hypotheses that the 6-CIT and the TOS compare favourably to the sMMSE. The main aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of the 6-CIT and TOS compared to the sMMSE in screening for dementia in older in-patients. Methods: Patient (N = 216) were selected from the Cork-IDEAS study and their records were analysed. Demographics, sMMSE, 6-CIT and TOS results were manually extracted. A subset of 22 patients underwent timed cognitive testing using the 6-CIT and TOS. All statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 20 and MedCalc version 15.8. Results: There was significant correlation between sMMSE and both 6-CIT and TOS scores (r = − 0.695, p < 0.001 and r = − 0.531, p < 0.001 respectively), strongest for the 6-CIT. The mean time taken to complete the 6-CIT was 3.03 minutes. Using previously reported cutoffs for dementia (8/9, i.e. 8 = normal; 9 = dementia), the 6-CIT had sensitivity of 79.2 and specificity of 85.6 (AUC = 0.82) compared to the accepted sMMSE score cut-off for dementia (≥24/30 = normal). As a preliminary quick screen, a cut-off of 5/6 (sensitivity 92.2, specificity 64.7) would safely avoid the need for further testing in 44 % of patients (i.e. 96/216 patients scored ≤5). Discussion: Both the 6-CIT and TOS compared favourably to the sMMSE. The 6-CIT out-performed the TOS. Using "sensitive" cut-offs, the 6-CIT could prove a useful quick screening test for dementia, reducing the numbers of patients requiring a longer cognitive test in a busy hospital setting. Introduction: Mechanisms of PD failure have been centered on patient characteristics including technique failure, infectious complications and patient phenotype. Early referral to a nephrologist has been shown to reduce mortality, hospitalization and increase PD uptake. An experienced PD team, structured training program, patient support and continuous quality improvement (CQI) are key factors. Nonetheless, a significant number of patients leave PD in the first six months. Most data comes from large registries, where it is often difficult to pinpoint the cause of technique failure. This single-center retrospective study evaluated mechanisms of PD failure and PD referral patterns. Methods: Retrospective clinical chart review of 58 peritoneal dialysis patients was performed at a single academic PD program. All PD patients who experienced technique failure within 6-months were included. Clinical charts were evaluated for baseline demographics, catheter insertion type, PD days, home support, training, referral origin and technique failure. Discussion: This study demonstrates a heterogeneous population of PD patients with technique failure. Site complications, peritonitis, intra-thoracic complications and patient preference accounted for the majority of technique failure aside from patient death. Less than half of patients were seen in a pre-dialysis clinic prior to PD initiation with a large subset of patients lacking community nursing supports and PD training days. Further research into enhanced clinical care models for PD is required to address premature technique failure. Background: Hajj is one of the biggest mass gatherings in the world that requires huge organizational and material efforts including health services to the visitors. Like in every other healthcare system, the quality of care in hajj depends on several parameters, among which the well-being of clinicians and their job satisfaction. We aimed to assess the job satisfaction of surgeons working during hajj. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out in the three major hospitals of the holy city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was distributed to all surgeons who were employed during hajj and their job satisfaction was compared between in-Hajj and non-hajj periods using a modified version of the Warr-Cook-Wall job satisfaction scale, which included 10 relevant items; each assessed using a 5-point likert scale starting from extremely dissatisfied (score = 1) to extremely satisfied (score = 5). Impact of their characteristics as well as other elements of job satisfaction in the questionnaire was determined through a stepwise linear regression analysis for both periods separately.

P12:
Results: After the questionnaire was distributed, we noticed that King Faisal hospital harbored the majority of the responded surgeons (35.7 %) and most (58.6 %) of them were aged below 40. Overall job satisfaction scores were higher in hajj period as compared to that of non-hajj, (mean ± SD = 3.72 ± 0.92 versus 3.63 ± 0.83, respectively), but the results were not statistically significant. Item-by-item analysis showed that doctors were significantly more satisfied during hajj period than non-hajj period in term of both "amount of variety in job" (P < 0.001) and "attention paid to suggestions" (P < 0.001); while they were likely to be less satisfied with regard to "hours of work" during hajj. The most significant predictor of overall satisfaction in hajj period was 'attention paid to suggestions' , followed by 'Physical working conditions' , 'opportunity to use abilities' , 'hours of work' , 'immediate boss' and 'job designation' , within a six-step model explaining 91 % of the variance of the overall satisfaction score (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The variety of works in the surgical fields and relative decision-making autonomy that characterize hajj medical service contribute significantly to promote surgeons' job satisfaction. However, a particular attention should be paid to the physician's adaptability to the expanded working hours, in order to avoid dissatisfaction and burnout, which may lead to suboptimal healthcare delivery to hajj pilgrims or poor clinical outcomes.

P15:
Investigation of the role of Bok using wild-type, bax-, bok-, and bax/bok-double-deficient mice Saheli Nandi 1 , Beatrice D'Orsi 2 , Jochen Prehn 2 Introduction Excitotoxicity, over-activation of glutamate receptors, has been implicated to contribute to neuronal injury after several neurological disorders, such as stroke, trauma and seizure. The Bcl-2 family of proteins, comprising of both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members, is an essential mediator of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by controlling mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) integrity. Bok, which shares~70-80 % sequence homology to Bax and Bak, has been considered part of the pro-apoptopic Bax-like subfamily. Bok is highly enriched in the CA3 hippocampal neurons and expressed in the cerebral cortex. However, no studies yet have been performed in neurons using gene deficient mice. In this summer project, we derived primary cortical neuron cultures from wild-type (WT), bax-, bok-, and bax/bok-double-deficient mice.

Methods
The methods used in this summer project were western blotting, to identify and quantify specific proteins and cell death assay to determine neuronal injury using propridium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 33258 staining of nuclear chromatin.

Results
Using western blotting analysis, we first investigated the expression of the Bax-like subfamily of proteins, including Bok, Bax and Bak, in several organs from C57BL/6 WT mice. Bok protein levels resulted abundant in the brain, kidney and spleen tissues, whereas Bax and Bak expression is constant in various tissues with Bax higher in lung and spleen, and Bak extremely elevated in lung. We next explored the expression of Bok protein in cortical neurons and astrocytes, where it was highly expressed, and microglia and BV2-like glial cells where it accumulates only marginally. In addition, we verified whether bok deficiency may affect Bcl-2 family protein expression, including Bax, and anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2, Bcl-w, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in bok-and bax/bok-double-deficient cortical neurons. Lastly, to address whether bok deficiency, like bax, also protected against neuronal injury, cortical neurons from WT, bok−/− and bax−/− mice were exposed to several stimuli-induced cell death, including Staurosporine (STS), Epoxomicin, Thapsigargin. bok-deficiency failed to protect cortical neurons against STS, however showed protection against Thapsigargin-induced cell death compared to WT controls.

Discussion
In conclusion, findings from this summer project may help a larger study of a longer duration in understanding the role of Bok in neuronal death in greater detail. Thus, implications of this study may impact the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders, most importantly strokes, traumatic brain injuries and seizures, in which excitotoxicity is thought to have a great role. Introduction: We have faced a task of creating a new methodology to predict resistance to stress. We assumed that the animal's resistance to stress may be predicted based on the level of corticosterone before stress. This research was carried out in comparison with the traditional methodology. Methods: A total of 20 male Wistar rats were tested during the study. In accordance with the traditional methodology, before the blood sampling animals were divided into resistant to stress and stressprone. Their behavior was studied by the open field test. The group of potentially resistant to stress (active type) included 14 animals with the Motor Activity Index below 0.8. The animals were divided into two groups, according to the median of corticosterone concentration in the plasma (30.4 ng/ml). The first blood sampling was realized before stress. In two days animals were put in a conflict situation causing emotional stress. After decapitation of animals the second blood sampling were performed. The level of corticosterone in the plasma before and after stress was studied by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay (EAI). Results: Concentration of corticosterone in the first group made 20.6 [12.3;28.9] ng/ml and in the second -38.9 [33.6;46.9] ng/ml. While studying distribution of corticosterone concentration before stress in the groups traditionally it was cleared up that in the active group concentration were 26.2 [13.2;33.5] ng/ml and in the passive -36.3[32.7;52.4] ng/ml. In the process of comparison of these methodologies it turned out that all animals in the active group had low corticosterone concentration and animals in the passive-high concentration (р < 0.05). After stress the level of corticosterone in the first group amounted to 42.3 [32.6;72.4] ng/ml and in the second group -39.3 [26.3;51.2] ng/ ml. In the traditionally groups it was cleared up that in the active group concentration were 38.4 [29.5;65.9] ng/ml and in the passive -44.3[31.8;61.5] ng/ml. Thus, after stress no relation of the corticosterone level before stress was observed in any group (р > 0.05). Discussion: In the process of comparison of these two methodologies we cleared up that distribution of rats by groups before stress does not vary. However, after stress no methodology is able to predict accurately how the organism will react to stress because after stress 30 % of animals had a lower corticosterone level than originally.

Introduction
Background: Clinicians are faced with a range of complex clinical cases daily and effective clinical decision making is an essential quality they are expected to possess as this reduces the chances of diagnostic errors and in turn improves safe patient care. A significant fraction of diagnostic errors have been accredited to cognitive bias. There is increasing evidence that Ego depletion affects diverse aspects of an individual's life.
Objective As the dual model process of clinical decision making-Intuitive (System 1) and Analytical (System 2) is an integral part of a clinician's daily routine, this study (Experiment 2) building on a recent previous study by Kudryshova (Experiment 1) aims to investigate the link between Ego depletion concentration levels i.e. whether Ego depletion will increase the number of errors and time taken to make clinical decisions. Methods Fifty medical students in third and fourth year were randomly recruited and assigned to either non ego depleted group 1 or ego depleted group 2 to complete two computer tasks depending on what group they were in. the computer task was a 12 minute numerical task and the second was ten clinically oriented multiple choice questions-three of which were designed to tap into System 2 thinking. The number of errors made, time taken and manipulation scores were recorded.

Results
Data analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the total number of errors made, manipulation scores and time taken across both groups.

Discussion
This study found that ego depletion had no effect on the clinical decision making skills of third and fourth year medical students. There was no significant difference found in the number of errors, manipulation scores and total time taken to make clinical decisions across the two groups. This could have been as a result of our methodology ranging from the two tasks being somewhat similar to tasks not being sufficiently ego depleting.

Introduction
Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is the commonest congenital urinary tract anomaly associated with progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in children, with bladder dysfunction being a major risk factor. The effect of bladder drainage with intermittent catheterisation on the rate of decline in renal function has not previously been assessed. Methods A retrospective analysis of changes in the rate of decline in renal function and the degree of hydronephrosis following initiation of bladder drainage was undertaken comparing 10 children undergoing drainage to controls in a single centre cohort of 58 patients with PUV.

Results
In the cohort, maximal renal pelvis diameter > 25 mm was associated with increased risk of ESRD (p = 0.005). In patients with bladder dysfunction, initiation of bladder drainage was associated with reduction in hydronephrosis (p < 0.001) but no significant reduction in the rate of decline of renal function (p = 0.6).

Discussion
In patients with PUV and bladder dysfunction, initiation of catheter bladder drainage was associated with reduction in hydronephrosis. Whilst no reduction in the rate of decline of renal function was observed in this retrospective analysis, a prospective randomised evaluation of the longterm effect of bladder drainage on renal function is merited. Introduction: Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis (CME), a critical neurotransmission mechanism, is implicated in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. 1 Stonin 2, an adaptor protein, regulates CME-dependent internalization of Dopamine D2 and N-methyl-Daspartate receptors responsible for the abnormal dopamine activity associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia 1. The aim of the study was to investigate Stonin 2 protein expression in the human hippocampus of schizophrenia versus control samples. Methods: Post-mortem matched midhippocampus samples of 20 schizophrenia and 20 control subjects were obtained from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. The dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis were dissected from the human hippocampus crosssections. We used Western blotting to investigate patterns of differential Stonin 2 expression among both samples and controlled for equal protein loading by using ERK2 to confirm. Ethical approval has been granted by the Royal College of Surgeons Ethics Committee (REC no. 080). Results: No significant differences in Stonin 2 expression were detected among the samples; further investigation is required to explore qualitative protein differences. Discussion: Expanding on the western blot results by performing a qualitative ELISA will allow investigation of native protein folding ensuring that the quantified protein in the schizophrenia samples is not mutated. Introduction: Colon cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death in both genders, worldwide. Surgical resection is the course of treatment offering a cure for colon cancer, however, it is associated with numerous deleterious postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with postoperative complications in patients who underwent colon resection. Methods: Data concerning demographics, preoperative blood test results, intraoperative parameters and postoperative follow-up was collected from the first 50 patients of an ongoing prospective, observational study comprising 29 males and 21 females with ages between 30-92 years and an average age of 67.8 ± 15.2 years. Starting with May 17th, 2015 patients that underwent colon resection procedures ranging from segmental to total colectomy were enrolled in this study. However, patients diagnosed with tumors requiring a Hartmann rectosigmoidectomy were excluded from this research. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism with statistical significance set at p <0.05. Results: A total of 81 immediate postoperative complications were encountered in 39 patients (78 %), which were classified into local (n = 21, 25.9 %) and general (n = 60, 74.1 %) categories. Multiple complications were present in 22 patients (44 %). Secondary anemia was the most frequently encountered complication in this study, with 18 cases, accounting for 22.2 % of all complications. Re-operation was deemed imperative in 6 cases (12 %) due to subhepatic and parietocolic abscesses as well as peritonitis secondary to anastomotic leakage. An 8 % mortality rate (n = 4) was computed. All of the deceased patients had been re-operated within three days prior to death. Five risk factors associated with complications after colon resection were established as part of this study: age over 60 years (p = 0.01), manual anastomosis (p = 0.0003), smoking (p = 0), thrombocytosis (p = 0.04) and heart rate ≥ 90 beats per minute (p = 0.00001). Discussion: Colon resection, even when limited to segmental colectomy, is an extensive procedure prone to complications. As such, postoperative complications not only jeopardize an uneventful postoperative recovery for patients, but also account for prolonged hospital stay resulting in excessive costs for the healthcare system. Identification of risk factors is the first step needed in order to further elaborate a stratification system for predicting complications after colon resection. Stratifying patients into categories based on their risk for developing postoperative complications could subsequently contribute to a decreased burden of postoperative complications. Introduction: Cervical cancer ranks second highest in terms of incidence, prevalence and mortality in females in Nigeria. This is of huge concern as it is preventable by vaccination and treatable if detected early. As young graduates, NYSC members are in a position to take decisions as regards their own health, educate and advise their parents, younger siblings and relations, community members, spouses as well as future children on cervical cancer and its prevention. Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitude towards, practice and factors affecting the practice of the methods of primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer among NYSC members. Methods: A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire based survey was conducted among 348 NYSC members in Lagos state using an adapted questionnaire. Independent variables -sociodemographics. Dependent variables -knowledge, attitude, practice and factors affecting the practice of cervical cancer prevention methods. The systematic random sampling method was used. Data collected was inputted and analysed using the Epi info v7.1.5.0 package. Chi square or Fisher's exact tests were used to find associations between dependent and independent variables. Significance levels of 0.05 were used. Results: About 73.72 % and 96.79 % had poor knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention methods respectively. Nearly 70 % of respondents had good attitudes towards cervical cancer. There was high willingness to undergo screening (76.67 %). About 93.91 % had not taken a dose of the HPV vaccine. Majority of females (90.91 %) had never been screened. About half (51.92 %) of respondents were unwilling to vaccinate their future 9-13 year old children. Identified constraints include lack of knowledge on cervical cancer, its prevention methods, locations to access services, fear of side effects and fear of promiscuity in vaccinated children. Religion, ethnicity and marital status were not significantly associated with dependent variables. Individuals whose source of information was the internet were more likely willing to practice cervical cancer prevention methods than those from other sources. Conclusion: Poor knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention methods was found. There was good attitude towards cervical cancer. Practice of prevention methods was poor. As young graduates, NYSC members are future decision makers both in the family and society at large. Targeting interventions towards this population may be instrumental to the goal of reducing incidence and mortality rates in Nigeria.

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Incidental glucose and lipid metabolisms disorders among office workers: a cross sectional study Ahmad A. Mirza, Ali K. Alzahrani, Omar Alfarhan, Essam Nour Eldin Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Correspondence: Essam Nour Eldin -Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia BMC Proceedings 2016, 10(Suppl 4):P22: Introduction: Glucose and lipid metabolisms disorders, including diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetic syndrome and dyslipidemia, are wellknown risk factors of cardiovascular diseases with an increasing incidence worldwide. Sedentary workers are among the subjects most exposed to develop metabolism disorders. So, we aimed to evaluate the glucose and lipid metabolisms disorders in this specific population.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in a selected public establishment in Makkah city in Saudi Arabia, in which all Saudi male office workers aged 20 and more having no history of diabetes, pre-diabetes, dyslipidemia or any cardiovascular disease were enrolled. After more than 12 hours of fasting, eligible respondents (141, 73.8 %) underwent a clinical and biological examination including body mass index (BMI) calculation, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 hours postprandial glucose tolerance test (PGTT) and lipid profile including LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Results: The incidence of diabetes (FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or PGTT ≥ 200 mg/dl) was 22.7 %; while the incidence of pre-diabetic syndromes was 32.7 %, distributed as follows: 17 (12.1 %) cases of impaired FBG defined by a FBG 100-125 mg/dl and 29 (20.6 %) cases of impaired PGTT defined by a PGTT 140-199 mg/dl. With regards to lipid metabolism disorders, high LDL-C was found in 29 (20.6 %) cases and low HDL-C was found in 14 (9.9 %) cases. The frequency of pre-diabetic syndrome was highest (31.8 %) in the age category of 41 to 50 years old (p > 0.001) and increased with BMI (p = 0.027); while the frequency of diabetes was highest in the age category older than 50 years (p < 0.001) with no significant correlation with BMI (p = 0.094). Comparison of lipid metabolism profiles between subjects newly diagnosed as diabetic and those with normal glucose metabolism profile showed higher levels of Cholesterol (260.0 mg/dl versus 207.3 mg/dl, p = 0.001), Triglycerides (208.7 mg/dl versus 161.6 mg/dl, p = 0.019) and LDL-C (161.1 mg/dl versus 113.2 mg/dl, p < 0.001) but no significant difference in HDL-C (59.3 mg/dl versus 61.2 mg/dl, p = 0.802), respectively. Similarly, LDL-C was higher in the pre-diabetic group comparing to the healthy group (p < 0.001). Discussion: There is a high incidence of glucose and lipid metabolisms disorders in office workers, indicating a high cardiovascular risk in this population. The atherogenic dyslipidemic profile of the prediabetic office workers is similar to that in the diabetic peers. This study exposed the need for implementing systemic screening programs for cardiovascular risk factors as a priority of occupational health in sedentary professional settings. Introduction: Spinal immobilisation in trauma patients aims to prevent unnecessary spinal movement and secondary injury to the spinal cord. However, recent debate has identified that immobilisation itself may have negative consequences and cause harm. The incidence and patient characteristics of those with a Clinically Significant Injury (CSI) presenting to a general Emergency Department is unknown; this study was devised to investigate these matters in the context of an undifferentiated trauma population.

P23:
Methods: A retrospective review was completed of all radiological imaging of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in trauma patients over a 6 month period. The incidence of traumatic spinal injury was determined. Via chart review, all patients with a CSI were identified. CSI was defined as any spinal injury that subsequently underwent surgical or brace stabilisation, as per orthopaedic opinion. The prehospital characteristics of patients with CSI was collected from chart/ EDIS records on an excel database. Results: Spinal imaging was performed for 623 trauma patients over a 6 month period; there was a total of 617 x-rays, 68 CT's and 17 MRI's. A total of 23 patients (3.4 %) had a traumatic spinal injury and 12 patients (2 %) had a CSI. All of the patients had identifiable "red flags" at first point of contact with the health service, however only 60 % were immobilised at that time. No harm ensued to those not immobilised. Discussion: In an undifferentiated population, 1 in 30 patients had a spinal injury and 1 in 50 had a clinically significant injury. All patients with CSI had identifiable "red flags" at their first point of contact with the health service (Ambulance or Emergency Department). This study indicates that greater care is required in practice to ensure that those most in need of immobilisation are actually immobilised, and unnecessary immobilisation is reduced.

Introduction
Few studies have investigated the frequency of Renal Colic (RC) secondary to urinary stones during Ramadan, and none examined the seasonal variations of Ramadan, where it may fall into summer or winter. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study using medical records of 237 patients admitted through emergency room with a diagnosis of RC secondary to urinary stones over randomly selected periods representing Ramadan in winter and summer and other months as a control over a period of 10 years at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Results
Patients fasting in Ramadan are two times more likely to present with a calculus of Ureter as opposed to calculus of Kidney/other, particularly when the holy month of Ramadan falls into the summer. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of RC secondary to urinary stone between Ramadan and non-Ramadan months. The mean age of patients with kidney/other urinary calculus is significantly higher than age of Ureter calculus patients (P < .001).

Discussion
Fasting Ramadan is associated with a higher chance of presenting with ureteric stone especially when Ramadan is in the summer months. Patients with known kidney stone disease should be warranted and recommended to drink plenty of fluids during the nighttime in Ramadan. These findings need to be confirmed in a population-based study. Introduction: Aromatase inhibitor (AI) is the treatment of choice in postmenopausal breast cancer patients and is very successful at improving overall and disease-free survival in patients. However, 30 % of patients do eventually develop resistance leading to disease progression and death. Previous studies have linked this to a steroid receptor co-activator, which is particularly amplified in breast cancer called AIB1. In a Rapid Immunoprecipitation of Endogenous proteins (RIME) study conducted by RCSI breast cancer research group, AIB1 transcriptional co-activators specific to AI resistant cell line model were identified. In this study our objective was to compare the level of these AIB1 coactivators using treatment resistant-cell lines Letrozole resistant (LetR) and responsive cells (MCF-7) using Western Blotting. Our second objective was to confirm the physical interaction between AIB1 and these proteins using Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and thereby validate RIME findings. Methods: Four proteins (MTA-2, PRMT-6, EfP and SAF-B) were selected according to their regulatory roles in breast cancer and their levels were measured in the nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction from both cell lines. Results: Higher protein levels of MTA-2, PRMT-6 and EfP were found in the AI resistant cells when compared to the sensitive ones. Furthermore, the interactions between AIB1 and MTA-2, PRMT6 and Efp were validated in the nuclear extracts of AI resistant LetR cells using Co-IP. Discussion: This study has brought us closer to unravelling the AIB1 driven network that potentiates AI resistance. Having this knowledge about the environment in which AIB1 functions in the resistant setting can offer a precious insight for researchers to identify patients who are resistant or may acquire resistance during treatment. This can allow us to potentially target AIB1 and its resistance promoting interaction network as a way of overcoming resistance to AI therapy.
Introduction: Early deep sedation in the ICU is associated with poorer outcomes. The Richmond agitation sedation scale (RASS) assesses adequacy and depth of sedation. A clinical microsystem is an organising framework that provides a conceptual and practical approach for multidisciplinary teams (MDT) working in discrete units to deliver and improve the quality of patient care. This study aims to utilise elements of a clinical microsystems structure to increase RASS target setting and assessment in the first 48 hours. Methods: An observational before-after cohort study of patients admitted to general ICU in August 2014 and August 2015 was undertaken. Adults requiring mechanical ventilation, admitted for at least 12 hours were included; those sedated as part of intracranial pressure (ICP) management protocols were excluded. Following MDT engagement, the process of sedation was mapped as per microsystem methodology (Fig. 1). A fishbone diagram to analyse potential barriers in utilising the RASS effectively was prepared. An educational initiative was planned and delivered to address the weaknesses and barriers identified in the process. Descriptive statistics and appropriate group comparisons analysis was performed. Results: Eighteen out of a possible 39 patients were suitable for analysis in August 2014, and 13 out of a possible 38 were included in August 2015. No significant difference in group demographics was observed. RASS scoring increased significantly in the the first 48 hours of admission from 9.3 ± 4 to 13 ± 5.7 assessments (p = 0.041). Discussion: Increased RASS target setting and assessment was observed after the intervention. The scale of the study is too small to draw definite conclusions, but serves as a model on how to implement change in a critical care setting (Fig. 1).

P27:
Diagnosis and control of hypertension as indicators of the level of awareness among relatives of medical students Ahmad A. Introduction: Patients' awareness plays an important role in the early diagnosis and control of many diseases including hypertension. We aimed to estimate the level of awareness among the relatives of medical students by assessing the prevalence of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. Methods: In this cross-sectional designed study, a certian group of medical students were invited to interview their respective adult first-degree relatives for risk factors and take measurement of their blood pressure in adequate conditions. According to the absence or presence of hypertension in their history, relatives who were measured with elevated blood pressure were analyzed as undiagnosed or uncontrolled hypertension, respectively; while those who were measured with normal values of blood pressure were analyzed as normal or controlled hypertension, respectively. Comparative analysis of different parameters was carried out between these subgroups. Results: We included 770 relatives of 82 (57.7 %) total students' participations. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in the total study population was 14.4 % (111 cases). Among participants diagnosed previously with hypertension, 61.9 % were uncontrolled at the time of the study. Predictors for undiagnosed hypertension were aged below 40, working at the present time in either governmental or private sectors, current smoking, absence of diabetes and cardiac diseases; while none of the investigated factors showed to be a significant predictor for uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusions: There is insufficient level of awareness among the family members of medical students, as demonstrated by the high prevalence of both undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. The typical profile associated with the lowest awareness level is that of the young smoking employee with no history of diabetes or cardiac disease.

P28:
Evaluation of the antitumor potential from extracts of endemic plants of Brazilian  Introduction: Cancer is responsible for approximately 13 % of all deaths worldwide, because of this it is characterized as a public health problem. There are still many difficulties associated with finding treatment, such as high toxicity of the drugs, not targeting only the tumor cells, water insolubility and increasing refractory cases. Currently, the number of projects developed around bioprospecting involving substances from endemic plant extracts of various biomes has increased significantly, this growth is due to the fact that many of the drugs used in cancer treatment are derived from natural products, for example: Vincristine and Vinblastine (Vinca rosea), Paclitaxel and Docitaxel (Taxus brevifolia), Etoposide and Teniposide (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). In this research our project aimed to evaluate the antitumor potential of extracts from endemic plants of Brazilian Caatinga. Methods: This investigation used two cell lines: HEPG2 (hepatocarcinoma) and B16F10 (murine melanoma), which were grown in plastic bottles using RPMI® medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum and antibiotics and incubated at 5 % CO2. The assessment of proliferation was verified by the methylene blue colorimetric test after the cells were incubated on plates treated with the extracts at a concentration of 100 μg/ml for 24 and 48 hours. Results: The findings of those tests showed that extracts A10F, A11F had a statistically significant of grow inhibition more than 80 % at 24 and 48 hours with B1610 cells. The extract A19F showed the average of growth inhibition higher than 89 % at 24 and 48 hours in both cell lines. Discussion: Thus, expected in the long term is the development of further research to identify: potential cellular targets of action, the type of death and the biochemical pathways involved. After in vitro screening of the extracts we aim to isolate the active substances and conduct in vivo tests.

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The role of Chromogranin A as a biomarker in drug resistant neuroblastoma Ahmad Zaki Asraf 1 , Raymond Stallings 2 , Olga Piskareva 3 , Ross Conlon 3  Introduction: Neuroblastoma is the commonest solid extracranial paediatric malignancy of sympathetic nervous system, accounting for 15 % childhood cancer mortality despite multimodal treatment. The acquisition of multidrug resistance is a major impediment to the successful treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma, where induction treatment often includes cisplatin in combination with other drugs. Importantly, cisplatin treatment is known to infer crossresistance to other chemotherapeutic drugs. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a promising biomarker to use as a diagnostic tool as compared to other serum biomarkers. The two main objectives of the project are to investigate CgA as a circulating biomarker in response to chemotherapy in drug resistant neuroblastoma and to demonstrate expression levels of CgA in neuroblastoma tumours sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy. Validation of the array results by ELISA revealed that IL-6 and IL-8 (non-smoker) data support results obtained by cytokine arrays with a trend towards decreased levels, however, data were not statistically significant. In contrast however, IL-17 data demonstrated two statistically significant differences between the MM-non-smoker (1.673 ± 0.1489 pg/ml) and MZ-non-smoker groups (1.353 ± 0.05073 pg/ml) (p = 0.0284) and between MM-nonsmoker and MM-smoker groups (1.345 ± 0.04980 pg/ml) (p = 0.0380). Discussion: Cytokine analysis supports the involvement of a range of cytokines, chemokines and cell types, in addition to neutrophils, in the pathology of the disease. This can be concluded from the change in cytokine levels in pooled samples of MM and MZ smokers and non-smokers. This potentially demonstrates that individuals with low levels of AAT are more prone to develop COPD or other inflammatory related diseases. We conclude that augmentation therapy may be of benefit in treatment of MZ-individuals with COPD or other manifestations of AAT deficiency.

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Analysing the role of SRC-1 in breast cancer stem cell formation and activity Crystal Mieres 1 , Leonie Young 2 , Sara Charmsaz 2 154 patient, 94 patients had notable emphysematous changes in their lungs while 74 suffered from bronchiectasis. Overall, there are 20 patients who are free of any pulmonary manifestations and have FEV1 scores > 80 %. Abdominal ultrasound results, on the other hand, revealed that 25 patients showed evidence of hepatic steatosis and 6 other patients have been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. This study also identified 9 patients with suspected panniculitis, 5 were later confirmed. Regarding the vasculitis association, only 20 patients (13.07 %) in the entire cohort have been screened for this condition. 6/20 had a positive auto-immune results. Comorbidities unrelated to AATD: We proceeded to investigate comorbidities presumed unrelated to AATD. Our results revealed a wide range of conditions as shown in the attached table. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that AATD individuals often experience a variety of comorbidities. These are either directly or indirectly linked to their primary deficiency or presumed unrelated. Knowledge of comorbidities is vital for the prognosis of each patient and hence should be rigorously identified and closely monitored. Background: Osteocytes are believed to be the main mechanosensory cell in bone playing an essential role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Fluid shear stress (FSS) stimulates primary osteocytes to promote anabolic processes within bone but little is known about how substrate stiffness (SS) influences osteocyte behaviour. Studies are limited by the inherent difficulty of obtaining and culturing osteocytes in vitro -primary ostocytes are harvested from bone via enzymatic degradation that yields terminally differentiated and damaged osteocytes. The osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cell line is widely used, however studies report limitations in the production of important osteocyte specific proteins such as sclerostin [2]; a negative regulator of bone anabolism and therapeutic target. Until now, MLO-Y4 studies have only been conducted using 2D substrates, but strikingly these cells are capable of expressing the gene for sclerostin (Sost) when cultured in a 3D scaffold. Using this model, we hypothesised that, since sclerostin has an anti-anabolic influence, it's gene expression would be greater with increased SS and low in the presence of FSS. Methods: MLO-Y4 cells were seeded onto 3D Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan scaffolds of varying stiffness (0.5kPa, 1.0kPa and 1.5kPa) followed by culture in a static or FSS environment before Sost expression was measured using RT-PCR. Results: There was a linear relationship between Sost expression and increasing SS in the static environment. Across all SS's, expression of Sost was low when cells were exposed to FSS. The difference in Sost expression was largest between groups 1.5kPa static vs 1.5kPa Flow. Conclusions: Osteocytes interpret greater SS as increased structural integrity evidenced by the increased expression of the anti-anabolic gene Sost. Interestingly, this response is abolished in the presence of FSS indicating that FSS is the dominant mechanical stimulus. Clinically, this is evidence to support exercise/load bearing as a powerful influencer of bone anabolism.
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