Introduction
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and the HER-2 receptor. TNBC is typically associated with a poor prognosis due to aggressive tumour phenotypes, partial response to chemotherapy, and current lack of clinically validated targeted therapies. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate cell proliferation and promote cell survival via receptor phosphorylation and activation of adaptor proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Akt. The overall aim of this project was to characterise the expression and activation of the IGF signalling pathway in the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line.